rośliny-i-grzyby: Afghanistan

Evidence: 80 • authority: 72

Ahmad Shah Durrani (born Ahmad Khan Abdali; c. 1720–1722 – 16–23 October 1772) was the first ruler and founder of the Durrani Empire. He is often regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan. As Shah, he relentlessly led military campaigns for over 25 years across West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia, creating one of the largest Islamic empires in the world, encompassing Afghanistan, much of Pakistan, Iranian Khorasan, and parts of Northern India. Born between 1720 and 1722, Ahmad Shah accompanied Nader Shah in his campaigns until Nader's assassination in 1747, which resulted in the division of the Afsharid Empire. Ahmad Shah took advantage and was crowned near Kandahar, establishing hi…

Evidence: 77 • authority: 72

The Durrani Empire, colloquially known as the Kingdom of Afghanistan, the Afghan Empire, or the Sadozai Kingdom, was an Afghan empire founded in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani, of the Pashtun Durrani tribe. The empire spanned parts of Central Asia, the Iranian plateau, and the Indian subcontinent. At its peak, it ruled over present-day Afghanistan, much of Pakistan, parts of northeastern and southeastern Iran, eastern Turkmenistan, and northwestern India. Alongside the Ottoman Empire, the Durrani Empire is considered one of the most significant Islamic empires of the second half of the 18th century. Ahmad was the son of Muhammad Zaman Khan, chief of the Abdali tribe, and the commander of Nader…

Evidence: 57 • authority: 72

The Durrani dynasty, also called the Sadozai dynasty, was founded in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani at Kandahar, Afghanistan. He united all Pashtun tribes and created the Durrani Empire. which at its peak included the modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, as well as some parts of northeastern Iran, eastern Turkmenistan, and northwestern India, including the Kashmir Valley. The Durranis were replaced by the Barakzai dynasty in 1823. Ahmad Shah and his descendants were from the Sadozai subclan of Popalzai line of the Durranis (formerly known as Abdalis), making them the second Pashtun rulers of Kandahar after the Hotak dynasty. The Durranis were notable in the second half of the 18th century mainly d…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

The Durrānī (Pashto: دراني, pronounced [durɑˈni]1), formerly known as Abdālī (ابدالي), are one of the largest tribal confederation of Pashtuns. Their traditional homeland is in southern Afghanistan (Loy Kandahar region), straddling into Toba Achakzai in Balochistan, Pakistan, but they are also settled in other parts of Afghanistan and parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Ahmad Shah Durrani, who is considered the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan, belonged to the Abdali tribe. In 1747 after establishing the Durrani Empire based in Kandahar, he adopted the epithet Shāh Durr-i-Durrān, "King, Pearl of Pearls," and changed the name of his Tareen Abdali tribe to "Durrani" after himself.

Evidence: 40 • authority: 88

Nader Shah, the Delhi Loot, and the 18th-Century Exotics of Empire. The famous plunder of Delhi that followed the 1739 defeat of the Mughals at the Battle of Karnal by Nader Shah (r. 1736–1747) represents, in retrospect, the last world-conquering design to have risen from the Islamicate world before the 20th century. This chapter argues that Nader Shah’s building projects, initiated after the Indian campaign, introduced a self-consciously historicized articulation of an Indo-Persian empire in the 18th century. His venture, echoing those of Timur in his post-Indian conquest, included looting of building materials and technologies that were made available by hundreds of Indian craftsmen and a…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 72

The Afghan Civil War (1793–1824) was a dynastic civil war and a period of internal conflict within the Durrani Empire following Timur Shah Durrani's death, where power was contested among his sons after the ascension of Zaman Shah Durrani in 1793. This conflict ultimately ended with the deposition of the last Durrani ruler Ayub Shah Durrani by the Barakzais in early 1824. Zaman Shah would be faced with criticism by his brothers who would not recognize his succession to the throne, in which Timur Shah Durrani's successors governed so ineptly during a period of profound unrest that within years of his death, the Durrani Empire was embroiled in civil war. By 1818, the Durrani Empire controlled…

Evidence: 22 • authority: 80

The Durrani Empire and the Emergence of Modern Afghanistan, 1747–1834

Evidence: 22 • authority: 88

Afghanistan at War. Covering wars and conflicts of Afghanistan from the modern founding of the country in the 1700s to the contemporary struggle with the Taliban, this single-volume reference analyzes the causes and results of Afghanistan's wars and examines leading political and military figures, weapons, and tactics. Afghanistan has been embroiled in war and conflict throughout the latter part of the 20th century as well as the current millennium, but due to its location at the crossroads of Central Asia, Afghanistan has also endured repeated conquests throughout its turbulent earlier times. Examining Afghanistan's long military history through this book will enable readers to grasp the w…

Evidence: — • authority: 65