psy: Amphetamine

Evidence: 55 • authority: 88

Therapeutic doses of paracetamol with co-administration of cysteine and mannitol during early development result in long term behavioral changes in laboratory rats. Abstract Based on several lines of evidence, numerous investigators have suggested that paracetamol exposure during early development can induce neurological disorders. We had previously postulated that paracetamol exposure early in life, if combined with antioxidants that prevent accumulation of NAPQI, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, might be innocuous. In this study, we administered paracetamol at or below the currently recommended therapeutic dose to male laboratory rat pups aged 4-10 days. The antioxidants cysteine and…

Evidence: 55 • authority: 72

Adderall is the brand name of a fixed-dose combination medication used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It is also used as an athletic performance enhancer, cognitive enhancer, appetite suppressant, and recreationally as a euphoriant. Such uses are illegal in many countries. It is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the phenethylamine class. It contains the amphetamines dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate, dextroamphetamine sulfate, and amphetamine sulfate. It is taken by mouth. At therapeutic doses, Adderall causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria, change in sex drive, increased wakefulness, and imp…

Evidence: 48 • authority: 80

The long-term use of high doses of fluphenazine enanthate and fluphenazine decanoate

Evidence: 48 • authority: 80

Are Long-Term Very Low Doses of Prednisone for Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis as Helpful as High Doses Are Harmful?

Evidence: 41 • authority: 80

Even low doses of d-serine can induce high anxiety in catatonic GC rats and in PM rats with audiogenic epilepsy

Evidence: 41 • authority: 80

Nigral dopaminergic neurons: differential sensitivity to apomorphine following long-term treatment with low and high doses of amphetamine

Evidence: 41 • authority: 92

Differentiation of Therapeutic and Illicit Drug Use via Metabolite Profiling.. Objectives : The therapeutic use of controlled substances, particularly opioids, stimulants, and benzodiazepines, has significantly increased in recent decades. This is often accompanied by non-medical use and diversion, posing challenges for healthcare professionals and forensic experts monitoring potential misuse. As a result, the blurred boundary between legitimate therapy and substance abuse complicates the interpretation of toxicological results in clinical, legal, and occupational contexts. Methods : This review summarizes recent strategies for distinguishing therapeutic from illicit drug use through the an…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 92

Naturally Derived Psilocybin for Therapeutic Use: A Six-Criterion Framework for Evidence, Safety, and Benefit-Risk Considerations in Policy and Clinical Development.. Naturally derived psilocybin is widely used, yet its therapeutic potential, pharmacological distinctiveness and regulatory feasibility remain understudied. This review evaluates the potential of naturally derived psilocybin using a six-criterion framework to evaluate: (1) therapeutic benefit, (2) safety and tolerability, (3) pharmacological uniqueness vs. synthetic psilocybin, (4) identity and composition control, (5) dose precision and stability, and (6) ecological sustainability. This paper answers three key questions about…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 92

Methylphenidate and Its Impact on Redox Balance and Behavior.. Methylphenidate (MPH) and its active enantiomer, dexmethylphenidate, are widely prescribed as first-line therapies for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), yet their increasing non-medical use highlights significant clinical and toxicological challenges. MPH blocks dopamine (DAT) and norepinephrine (NET) transporters, thereby elevating synaptic catecholamine levels. While this underpins therapeutic efficacy, prolonged or abusive exposure has been associated with mitochondrial impairment, disrupted bioenergetics, and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which collectively contribute to neuronal stress a…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 72

In psychopathology, psychosis ( ) is the inability to distinguish what is or is not real. Examples of psychotic symptoms are delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized or incoherent thoughts or speech. Psychosis is a description of a person's state or symptoms, rather than a specific mental illness, and it is not related to the personality construct of psychopathy. Common causes of chronic psychosis include schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and brain damage (usually as a result of alcoholism). Acute psychosis can also be caused by severe distress, sleep deprivation, sensory deprivation, some medications, and drug use and withdrawal (including alcohol, cannabis, h…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 72

Amphetamine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy; it is also used to treat binge eating disorder in the form of lisdexamfetamine. Historically, it has been used to treat nasal congestion and depression. Amphetamine is also used as an athletic performance enhancer and cognitive enhancer, and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant. It is a prescription drug in many countries, and unauthorized possession and distribution of amphetamine are often tightly controlled due to the significant health risks associated with recreational use. Amphetamine was discovered as a chemical in 1887 by…