język: Kabardian language

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Kabardian (), also known as East Circassian and Kabardian-Circassian, is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by the eastern subgroups of Circassians. Native to Circassia in the Caucasus, it is official in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia, but is mostly spoken in the Circassian diaspora. Kabardian is closely related to the Adyghe or West Circassian language; some reject the distinction between the two languages in favour of both being dialects of a unitary Circassian language. Despite phonological differences, Circassian languages are reciprocally intelligible, with speakers being able to communicate. While the self-designation for both Adyghe and Kabardian is Adyghe, in linguist…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are [p] and [b], pronounced with the lips; [t] and [d], pronounced with the front of the tongue; [k] and [g], pronounced with the back of the tongue; [h], pronounced with the glottis; [f], [v], [s], and [z] pronounced by forcing air through a narrow channel (fricatives); and [m] and [n], which have air flowing through the nose (nasals). Most consonants are pulmonic, using air pressure from the lungs to generate a sound. Very few natural languages are non-pulmonic, making use of ejectives, implosives, and clicks. Contrasting with consonants are vowels. Si…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

A voiceless glottal fricative, sometimes called a voiceless glottal transition or an aspirate, is a type of sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "h" sound in "hut". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨h⟩. A [h] sound may have real glottal constriction in a number of languages (such as Arabic), making it a true fricative. However, in many languages that have it, it only patterns like a fricative or approximant phonologically, and lacks the usual phonetic characteristics of a consonant. In such languages, [h] has no inherent place or manner of articulation, as well as lacking the height and backness of a vo…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 88

An Overview of Research on Consonant Phonemes in the Xinjiang Tuva Language. The Tuvan language is a rare and relatively under-researched language spoken across three countries-the People’s Republic of China, Mongolia, and the Russian Federation. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current state of research on the consonantal phonology of Tuvan as spoken in Xinjiang, China. It systematically summarizes the scholarly works conducted in this field, focusing on the articulatory and phonological characteristics of Tuvan consonants, their classifications, and the methodological approaches employed in previous studies. The paper further highlights the need for more in-depth comparat…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 72

Abaza (абаза бызшва, abaza byzshwa; Adyghe: абазэбзэ) is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by Abazins in Russia. The language has gone through several different orthographies based primarily on Latin and Cyrillic letters. Its consonant-to-vowel ratio is remarkably high; making it quite similar to many other languages from the same parent chain. The language evolved in popularity in the mid to late 1800s, but has become an endangered language. Abaza is spoken by approximately 35,000 people in Russia, where it is written in a Cyrillic alphabet, as well as another 10,000 in Turkey, where the Latin script is used. It consists of two dialects, the Ashkherewa dialect and the T'ap'anta dialect…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 88

Notes on Marshallese Consonant Phonemes. ORTHOGRAPHY. The orthography of Marshallese was devised by American Protestant missionaries in the middle of the last century. The Bible has been translated into Marshallese and written in what we refer to as the Bible spelling. If the Marshallese were good spellers, the Bible spelling would probably be as hallowed in practice as in theory. As it is, many valuable clues to phonemic facts in Marshallese have been derived from variant spellings. The linguist loveth a cheerful misspelled

Evidence: 35 • authority: 72

A lateral is a consonant in which the airstream proceeds along one or both of the sides of the tongue, but is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth. An example of a lateral consonant is the English L, as in Larry. Lateral consonants contrast with median consonants, in which the airstream flows through the center of the mouth. For the most common laterals, the tip of the tongue makes contact with the upper teeth (see dental consonant) or the upper gum (see alveolar consonant), but there are many other possible places for laterals to be made. The most common laterals are approximants and belong to the class of liquids, but lateral fricatives and affricates are also…

Evidence: 22 • authority: 88

ANALYSIS OF VOCAL PHONEMES AND FRICATIVE CONSONANT DISCRIMINATION BASED ON PHONETIC ACOUSTICS FEATURES. Direct recognition of phonemes in speaker independent recognition systems still cannot guarantee good enough recognition results. Here we want to investigate assumption that recognition could be improved via group features of phonemic system. We propose to try to recognize group of phoneme first (voiced/unvoiced, vowel/ con-sonant, etc.) then try to recognize phoneme itself. In this experiment a system for discrimination of fricative consonants and sonants was developed using phonetic – acoustic features.

Evidence: 22 • authority: 72

Uvulars are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula, that is, further back in the mouth than velar consonants. Uvulars may be stops, fricatives, nasals, trills, or approximants, though the IPA does not provide a separate symbol for the approximant, and the symbol for the voiced fricative is used instead. Uvular affricates can certainly be made but are rare: they occur in most Turkic languages, most Persian languages, most Arabic languages, in some southern High-German dialects, as well as a few African and Native American languages. (Ejective uvular affricates occur as realizations of uvular stops in Kazakh, Bashkir, Arabic dialects, Lillooet, or as allo…