psy: Seizure

Evidence: 48 • authority: 92

Ictal semiology in anterior cingulate epilepsy: A systematic review.. Seizures originating from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) have distinct clinical features but can be difficult to identify in frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE). This systematic review examines the key semiology of ACC seizures and their anatomical correlations. A systematic search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, including studies reporting ictal semiology, invasive EEG findings, and surgical outcomes in patients with ACC seizures, allowing for the establishment of anatomical and clinical correlations with a high level of confidence. Studies based only on stimulations were excluded. We selected 23 studies includin…

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

A seizure is a sudden disruption of brain activity caused by excessive, synchronized neuronal firing that results in changes in behavior. This neurological condition is common, affecting approximately 50 million individuals around the world. Depending on the regions of the brain involved, seizures can lead to changes in movement, sensation, behavior, awareness, or consciousness. Symptoms vary widely. Some seizures involve subtle changes, such as brief lapses in attention or awareness (as seen in absence seizures), while others cause generalized convulsions with loss of consciousness (tonic–clonic seizures). Most seizures last less than two minutes and are followed by a postictal period of c…

Evidence: 55 • authority: 72

Brain injury, also known as brain damage or neurotrauma, is the destruction or degeneration of brain cells. It may result from external trauma, such as accidents or falls, or from internal factors, such as strokes, infections, or metabolic disorders. Traumatic brain injury (TBI), the most common type of brain injury, is typically caused by external physical trauma to the head. Acquired brain injuries occur after birth, in contrast to congenital brain injuries that patients are born with. In addition, brain injuries can be classified by timing: primary injuries occur at the moment of trauma, while secondary injuries develop afterward due to physiological responses. They can also be categoriz…

Evidence: 55 • authority: 72

In the field of neurology, seizure types refer to clinically and electrographically defined categories of seizures, based on observable features, underlying mechanisms, and diagnostic findings. A seizure is a paroxysmal episode of altered behavior, sensation, awareness, or autonomic function resulting from abnormal, excessive, or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. Distinguishing between seizure types is important because different types of seizures may have different causes, outcomes, and treatments. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) is the primary body responsible for defining seizure classifications, and the most recent system was published in 2025.

Evidence: 48 • authority: 88

Detecting brain connectivity changes during seizures using Granger causality measures on scalp EEG. In this work the objective is to detect brain connectivity changes during epileptic seizures using methods of multivariate time series analysis on scalp multi-channel EEG. Different brain regions represented by the electrode positions interact in terms of Granger causality and these directed connections formulate the brain network at a certain time window. The numerous proposed network features are believed to capture the information of many network characteristics. The ability of a single network feature of the brain network to detect the transition of brain activity from preictal to ictal i…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 80

Table 3: ASMR-induced EEG changes: brain bands and regions.

Evidence: 41 • authority: 80

Prevention of kainic acid seizures-induced changes in levels of nitric oxide and high-energy phosphates by 7-nitroindazole in rat brain regions

Evidence: 41 • authority: 92

Disrupted cerebellar networks in uncontrolled focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures.. Objective Focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures (FBTC) are associated with significant morbidity and an elevated risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). The cerebellum has been implicated in modulating the frequency and severity of tonic-clonic seizures. The present study aimed to identify alterations in cerebellar functional connectivity (FC) associated with susceptibility to FBTC in individuals diagnosed with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Methods This prospective study involved the recruitment of 30 patients with unilateral TLE, who were classified into two groups: active FBTC (≥1 FBTC…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 92

Late-onset atypical pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A with intracranial calcification and epilepsy associated with a novel <i>GNAS</i> variant: a case report.. Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) type 1A is a rare inherited disorder characterized by resistance to parathyroid hormone and, typically, features of Albright hereditary osteodystrophy. We report a late-onset case in a 59-year-old woman who presented with cognitive decline, behavioral and psychiatric symptoms, gait instability, and seizure-like episodes. Laboratory tests showed hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and elevated parathyroid hormone levels. Brain imaging revealed symmetrical calcifications in the bilateral basal gan…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 92

Seizure recruitment properties are dependent upon dynamotype: A modeling study.. Seizure propagation - how epileptogenic brain tissue recruits less excitable tissue - is poorly understood. Previous studies have used dynamical modeling to study seizure propagation and to create patient-specific whole-brain models of seizure spread. However, these studies focused on seizures of a single dynamotype (onset and offset bifurcation pair). Here, we implement a novel coupling method to investigate seizure propagation in a diverse array of dynamotypes. We utilize the Multiclass Epileptor, a recently proposed model that captures a wide range of seizure dynamotypes in a cortical mass ("node"). We consi…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 72

Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by a tendency for recurrent, unprovoked seizures. A seizure is a sudden burst of abnormal electrical activity in the brain that can cause a variety of symptoms, ranging from brief lapses of awareness or muscle jerks to prolonged convulsions. These episodes can result in physical injuries, either directly, such as broken bones, or through causing accidents. The diagnosis of epilepsy typically requires at least two unprovoked seizures occurring more than 24 hours apart. In some cases, it may be diagnosed after a single unprovoked seizure if clinical evidence suggests a high risk of recurrence. Isolated seizures that occur without rec…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 92

A practical guide to the updated seizure classification 2025.. This paper provides a practical guide to applying the updated seizure classification in clinical settings. The updated classification, published by the International League Against Epilepsy in 2025, builds on the operational classification introduced in 2017. It aims to enhance clarity, clinical relevance, and consistency in seizure terminology across various healthcare settings. The classification system distinguishes between four main seizure classes: focal, generalized, unknown whether focal or generalized, and unclassified. The basic version allows for application even in resource-limited or primary care environments, while…