maszyny: Shoji

Evidence: 65 • authority: 72

Traditional Japanese architecture uses post-and-lintel structures – vertical posts, connected by horizontal beams. Rafters are traditionally the only structural member used in Japanese timber framing that are neither horizontal nor vertical. The rest of the structure is non-load-bearing. While fixed walls are used, a variety of movable partitions are also used to fill the spaces between the pillars. They may be free-standing, hung from lintels, or, especially in later buildings, sliding panels which can readily be removed from their grooves. Their type, number, and position are adjusted according to the weather without and the activities within. They are used to modify the view, light, temp…

Evidence: 53 • authority: 72

Framing, in construction, is the fitting together of pieces to give a structure, particularly a building, support and shape. Framing materials are usually wood, engineered wood, or structural steel. The alternative to framed construction is generally called mass wall construction, where horizontal layers of stacked materials such as log building, masonry, rammed earth, adobe, etc. are used without framing. Building framing is divided into two broad categories, heavy-frame construction (heavy framing) if the vertical supports are few and heavy such as in timber framing, pole building framing, or steel framing; or light-frame construction (light-framing) if the supports are more numerous and…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 92

Lime finishes: what's the point? Pressure difference in storm conditions in a changing climate.. Climate change is driving international heritage to reconsider the conservation strategies applied to traditional historic buildings. To date, the preferred repair method for rubble stone buildings in the UK has been pointing, and the style employed is the heritage joint: a recessed joint that highlights the profile of the stone with aggregates exposed. This paper challenges that conservation approach, by demonstrating that a bare stone method leaves historic fabric in Scotland vulnerable to water penetration, particularly in the north and west regions where wind-driven rain predominates. In add…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 92

Shear performance of unreinforced masonry walls with door and window openings strengthened using welded steel mesh.. Unreinforced masonry (URM) walls often exhibit poor seismic performance, particularly when openings interrupt the load path and create stress concentrations that significantly reduce in-plane shear capacity. This study investigates welded steel mesh (WSM) as a practical and economical strengthening solution for URM walls with openings. Eleven masonry panels-including solid walls and walls with central openings-were tested under diagonal compression (ASTM E519), examining various WSM configurations such as orthogonal, diagonal, partial, and full layouts. The strengthened walls…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

Post and lintel (also called prop and lintel, a trabeated system, or a trilithic system) is a building system where strong horizontal elements are held up by strong vertical elements with large spaces between them. This is usually used to hold up a roof, creating a largely open space beneath, for whatever use the building is designed. The horizontal elements are called by a variety of names including lintel, header, architrave or beam, and the supporting vertical elements may be called posts, columns, or pillars. The use of wider elements at the top of the post, called capitals, to help spread the load, is common to many architectural traditions.

Evidence: 38 • authority: 88

Seismic vulnerability assessment of traditional timber frame and masonry wall buildings : aplication to the historical centre of Valparaíso, Chile.. The seismic vulnerability of urban assets exposed to earthquake hazard represents a growing concern in the engineering field due to the potential risk of collapse for the buildings, and the associated devastating consequences for the inhabitants. This concern has led to the development of novel strategies for the assessment of the seismic vulnerability of the existing buildings. An accurate evaluation of the seismic vulnerability constitutes the point of departure for the implementation of the necessary mitigation strategies aimed at increasing…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 88

Comparison of Aluminum Composite Sandwich and Traditional Reinforced Concrete Slab Frame Systems in Terms of Dynamic and Global Behavior. The high mass of traditional reinforced concrete (RC) slabs significantly increases seismic forces in buildings. While lightweight aluminum foam sandwich (AFS) composite slabs offer radical mass reduction, their global seismic performance and interaction with diaphragm flexibility in RC frames remain underexplored. This study presents a linear elastic comparative analysis of pure RC moment frames (1–6 stories), contrasting traditional slabs with AFS slabs under both rigid and semi-rigid diaphragm assumptions. All models were optimally designed to meet ide…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 80

Research on Mechanical Properties of Main Joints of Chinese Traditional Timber Buildings with the Type of Post-and-Lintel Construction

Evidence: — • authority: 90

Stiffness of Experimentally Tested Horizontally Loaded Walls and Timber-Framed Modular Building. This paper presents an overview of representative up-to-date research and the authors' own experimental results from tests of wall elements and a horizontally loaded timber-framed modular building. The research has been conducted in connection with the development of timber-based structures in recent years. In the present research, wall elements and modules of timber-frame construction with life-size dimensions were used. So far, these types of structures have mainly been tested in laboratories-especially with regard to anchoring and cyclic loading. An experimental testing was carried out on a n…

Evidence: — • authority: 90

Gönpa Gang—The First Application of Dendrochronological Dating to Study the Traditional Architecture of Upper Mustang (Nepal). Gönpa Gang is an example of the traditional Buddhist architecture of Upper Mustang. It is also the first monument in Upper Mustang to be studied using the dendrochronological dating method. The gönpa is a two-story building of imposing size, made from simple elements of Tibetan architecture, namely masonry walls, timber posts, and beams. A total of 14 samples were collected from elements on both the ground and the first floor. The limited number of samples results from the cultural and religious character of the object under study. Only the elements consistent with…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

A Traditional Japanese House with a Jointed Wooden Frame and Tsuchikabe Walls: the Kamogawa House in Chiba. The story behind the house built by Seyseysha in Kamogawa (Chiba) began with a couple who wanted a home where their children could grow up freely in nature. So Makoto Fukada and the Seyseysha team set to work using age-old construction methods to craft a dwelling for them in the lush outskirts of Kamogawa. These traditional techniques rest on a solid, centuries-old foundation. Builders of yore, always mindful of Japan’s climate, topography, and regional specificities, developed methods for creating homes that would be sturdy, long-lasting, and at ease in their surroundings. The result…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Generalizable Thermal Performance of Ventilated Block Walls and Energy Implication of Substitution for Wood-Frame Walls in Cold-Climate Buildings. Space heating and cooling of buildings is a major contributor to the ascending trend of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A potential solution to reduce the space heating and cooling is to use buildings’ mass for active thermal energy storage (TES). Having air circulation between an active TES and its associated zones can significantly enhance their thermal coupling; however, reported research studies have not focused on this kind of active TES. To that end, this study aimed to evaluate the thermal performance of a ven…