mapy-i-podróże: Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

People have been found to perceive images with spiritual or religious themes or import, sometimes called iconoplasms or simulacra, in the shapes of natural phenomena. The images perceived, whether iconic or aniconic, may be the faces of religious notables or the manifestation of spiritual symbols in the natural, organic media or phenomena of the natural world. The occurrence or event of perception may be transient or fleeting or may be more enduring and monumental. The phenomenon appears to approach a cultural universal and may often accompany nature worship, animism, and fetishism, along with more formal or organized belief systems. Within Christian traditions, many instances reported invo…

Evidence: 78 • authority: 72

Acheiropoieta are Christian icons that are said to have come into existence miraculously, and not created by humans. They are also called icons made without hands. Invariably, these are images of Jesus or Mary, usually the Virgin and Child. In Eastern Orthodoxy, the most notable examples are the Mandylion, also known as the Image of Edessa, and the Hodegetria. In Western Christianity, the most notable claimed examples are the Shroud of Turin, Veil of Veronica, Tilma from Our Lady of Guadalupe, and the Manoppello Image. The term is often applied to the image's content, and thus used for what are known to be normal human copies of originals believed to have been miraculously created. Although…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Prolegomena to the Christian Images Not Made by Human Hands. Images not made by human hands (acheiropoietai, Gr. ἀχειροποίηταιι) played a significant role in Byzantine spiritual culture and history. This paper discusses the emergence and rise of the acheiropoietai, which represented a most important and unusual element in the Byzantine Empire. The author analyses the chronological ancestors of Christian images not made by human hands, i.e. the so-called diipetes (Gr. Διιπετής), and proceeds to demonstrate the disagreements on the topic among some of the Christian Church Fathers. The imagines imperiales, i.e. effigies of Roman emperors, constituted a significant factor in the process leading…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

In Human Hands: Constitutional Meaning and Judicial Responsibility. This book chapter confronts core problems with written constitutions and their judicial interpreters. The American constitution, for example, must bear different meanings placed upon it by 18th-century framers, modern democratic politics, and modern legal professionals. Each of those constitutional constituencies embodies different priorities. And there are different topics within constitutional law where each of them reigns supreme. At a broader theoretical level, historical disputes over constitutional law can be be arranged between two poles. "Constitutional idealism" is the notion that law should function and should thu…