Ciekawostka: In England, the Speaker of the House is not allowed to speak

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The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the lower house, the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster in London, England. Its origins lie in the early 11th century and the emergence of bicameralism in the 14th century. Unlike the House of Commons, membership of the Lords is not acquired by election. Most members are appointed for life as peers, on either a political or non-political basis. The House of Lords also includes up to 26 archbishops and bishops of the Church of England, known as Lords Spiritual. Since 2014, membership may be voluntarily relinquished or terminated upon expulsion. For much of its history, hereditary peers we…

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The Speaker of the House of Commons is the presiding officer of the House of Commons, the lower house and primary chamber of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The current speaker, Lindsay Hoyle, was elected Speaker on 4 November 2019, following the retirement of John Bercow. Hoyle began his first full parliamentary term in the role on 17 December 2019, having been unanimously re-elected after the 2019 general election. The speaker presides over the House's debates, determining which members may speak and which amendments are selected for consideration. The speaker is also responsible for maintaining order and decorum in the House during debate and during its normal operations. As a resu…

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Chief medical officers in the United Kingdom: maintaining 'independence' inside government.. Background The Chief Medical Officer (CMO), one of the UK's most senior public health leadership roles, was crucial in supporting policymakers in responding to COVID-19. Yet, there exist only a handful of (largely historical) accounts of the role in England. This article is the first to empirically examine how the scope, focus and boundaries of the CMO role vary over time across the four UK nations, including during public health emergencies. Methods We undertook semi-structured interviews with 10 current and former CMOs/Deputy CMOs in the four UK nations and analysed relevant documents. Findings Th…

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