odwaga-i-dzialanie: Marek Aureliusz

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The early life of Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180) spans the time from his birth on 26 April 121 until his accession as Roman emperor on 8 March 161. Following the death of his father, Marcus Annius Verus (III), Marcus Aurelius was raised by his grandfather, Marcus Annius Verus (II). Educated at home, Marcus became an adherent of Stoicism at a young age. In 138 he was adopted by Titus Aurelius Antoninus, himself the adopted heir of Emperor Hadrian. Hadrian died later that year, and his adoptive son succeeded him under the name Antoninus Pius. Among Marcus' tutors were the orators Marcus Cornelius Fronto and Herodes Atticus. Marcus held the consulship jointly with Antoninus Pius in 140 and in 14…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander (1 October 208 AD – March 235 AD), also known as Alexander Severus, was Roman emperor from 222 until 235 AD. He was the last emperor from the Severan dynasty and, at the age of 13, became the youngest sole emperor of the united Roman Empire. Alexander became emperor at age 13, succeeding his slain cousin, Emperor Elagabalus as his heir. Alexander and Elagabalus were both grandsons of Julia Maesa, the sister of the empress Julia Domna, who had arranged for Elagabalus's acclamation as emperor by the Third Gallic Legion. Elagabalus had been murdered along with his mother Julia Soaemias by his own guards, who, as a mark of contempt, had the two bodies cast into…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The philosophical thought of the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius represents the reflection of the last great exponent of the Stoic doctrine, belonging to the so-called new Stoa or "Roman Stoicism". His philosophy retraces the Stoic attitude, starting from the withdrawal into oneself, aided by political activism, following the Fate. The celebration of interiority is clearly evident from the title of his only written work, the Meditations, also known as Thoughts, Memoirs, or To Himself. Marcus Aurelius wrote the twelve books that make up the work between 170 and 180, during breaks from his numerous travels, in Greek of the koinè, as an exercise for his own guidance and self-improvement, influen…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Lucius Septimius Bassianus, 4 April 188 – 8 April 217), better known by his nickname Caracalla (; Latin: [karaˈkalːa]), was Roman emperor from 198 to 217 AD, first serving as nominal co-emperor under his father and then ruling alone after 211 AD. He was a member of the Severan dynasty, the elder son of Emperor Septimius Severus and Empress Julia Domna. Severus proclaimed Caracalla co-ruler in 198, doing the same with his other son Geta in 209. The two brothers briefly shared power after their father's death in 211, but Caracalla soon had Geta murdered by the Praetorian Guard and became sole ruler of the Roman Empire. Julia Domna had a significant share in gov…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Commodus (; Latin: [ˈkɔmmɔdʊs]; 31 August 161 – 31 December 192) was Roman emperor from 177 to 192, first serving as nominal co-emperor under his father Marcus Aurelius and then ruling alone from 180. Commodus's sole reign is commonly thought to mark the end of the Pax Romana, a golden age of peace and prosperity in the history of the Roman Empire. Commodus accompanied his father during the Marcomannic Wars in 172 and on a tour of the Eastern provinces in 176. The following year, he became the youngest emperor and consul up to that point, at the age of 16. His sole reign saw less military conflict than that of Marcus Aurelius, but internal intrigues and conspiracies abounded, goading Commod…

Evidence: — • authority: 58

Śmiercią nie gardź; owszem niech ci miła będzie, bo i ona jest jednym z objawów woli natury. (…) Jest więc rzeczą człowieka myślącego nie zachowywać się wobec śmierci ani obojętnie ani odpychająco ani lekceważąco, owszem czekać na nią spokojnie.