rośliny-i-grzyby: Tyrannosaurus

Evidence: 50 • authority: 71

When Bates and Falkingham used computer models to simulate T. rex’s bite, the result was “quite surprising,” Bates told us: a maximum bite force of almost 12,800 pounds, about the equiva­lent of an adult T. rex’s body weight (or 13 Steinway Model D concert grand pianos) slamming down on its prey. That would make T. rex the hardest-biting terrestrial animal ever known. ( C. megalodon , an extinct giant shark, bit at an estimated 41,000 pounds; Deinosuchus , an ancient crocodilian, at about 23,000 pounds.) Bates and Falkingham’s figure was two to three times greater than previous estimates, six to seven times greater than the biting force they calculated for the dinosaur Allosaurus and about three and a half times greater than the hardest bite measured in an extant species, an Australian saltwater crocodile. The Tyrannosaurus Rex’s Dangerous and Deadly Bite The Tyrannosaurus rex known as Stan, excavated in South Dakota in 1992, is one of the most complete Tyrannosaurus rex skeletons in the world.

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Tyrannosaurus () is a genus of large theropod dinosaur. The type species Tyrannosaurus rex (rex meaning 'king' in Latin), often shortened to T. rex or colloquially T-Rex, is one of the best represented theropods. It lived throughout what is now western North America, on what was then an island continent known as Laramidia. Tyrannosaurus had a much wider range than other tyrannosaurids. Fossils are found in geological formations which have been dated to the late Maastrichtian age of the late Cretaceous period, 69 to 66 million years ago, with isolated specimens possibly indicating an earlier origin in the middle Campanian age. It was one of the last known members of the tyrannosaurids and am…

Evidence: 71 • authority: 72

Theropoda (; from ancient Greek θηρίο- ποδός [θηρίον, (therion) "wild beast"; πούς, ποδός (pous, podos) "foot"]) is one of the three major clades of dinosaurs, alongside Ornithischia and Sauropodomorpha. Theropods, both extant and extinct, are characterized by hollow bones and three toes and claws on each limb. They are generally classed as saurischian dinosaurs, placing them closer to sauropodomorphs than to ornithischians. They were ancestrally carnivorous, although a number of theropod groups evolved to become herbivores and omnivores. Many members of the subgroup Coelurosauria were covered with feathers, and it is possible that they were also present in other theropods. In the Jurassic,…

Evidence: 60 • authority: 88

Palaeoecological inferences and comparison between skulls of large theropods from 3D models: Allosaurus, Giganotosaurus and Tyrannosaurus. Photogrammetric techniques and 3D modelling are useful tools for obtaining morphological data, such as size, volume, and surface area, in paleontological studies, and its use is becoming increasingly simple, even with common devices such as mobile phones and tablets. This work takes as an example the skull of some of the largest theropods, Allosaurus fragilis (Carnosauria, Allosauroidea), Giganotosaurus carolinii (Carnosauria, Allosauroidea) and Tyrannosaurus rex (Coelurosauria, Tyrannosauroidea), for the elaboration of 3D models with the use of differen…

Evidence: 55 • authority: 88

<i>Tyrannosaurus rex</i> runs again: a theoretical analysis of the hypothesis that full-grown large theropods had a locomotory advantage to hunt in a shallow-water environment. Abstract Biomechanical analyses suggest that adult large theropods, such as Tyrannosaurus rex, could not run, and its top speed probably was at most 10 m/s. This probably implied a speed disadvantage of adult T. rex compared with some smaller potential prey. Living predators at a disadvantage owing to speed or manoeuvrability sometimes use the environment or special techniques to minimize those differences. Here, I made a theoretical analysis of the possibility that adult large theropods, such as T. rex, could occasi…

Evidence: 55 • authority: 72

Spinosaurus (; lit. 'spine lizard') is a genus of large spinosaurid theropod dinosaurs that lived in what is now North Africa during the Cenomanian age of the Late Cretaceous period, about 100 to 94 million years ago. The genus was known first from Egyptian remains discovered in 1912 and described by German palaeontologist Ernst Stromer in 1915. The original remains were destroyed in World War II, but additional material came to light in the early 21st century. It is unclear whether one or two species are represented in the fossils reported in the scientific literature. The type species, S. aegyptiacus, is mainly known from the Bahariya Formation in Egypt and the Kem Kem beds in Morocco. Th…

Evidence: 55 • authority: 72

Dinosaurs are a diverse group of warmblooded reptiles of the clade Dinosauria. They existed through most of the Mesozoic era, first appearing early in the Triassic period. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event 201.3 mya and their dominance continued throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. The fossil record shows that birds are feathered dinosaurs, having evolved from earlier theropods during the Late Jurassic epoch, and are the only dinosaur lineage known to have survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event approximately 66 mya. Dinosaurs can therefore be divided into avian dinosaurs—birds—and the extinct non-avian dinosa…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 92

Comparative cranial biomechanics reveal macroevolutionary trends in theropod dinosaurs, with emphasis on Tyrannosauroidea.. Tyrannosaurus is viewed as a model organism in vertebrate paleontology, with numerous studies analyzing its feeding biomechanics. Nonetheless, the evolution of this feeding performance has been under-addressed in Tyrannosauroidea, especially in basal tyrannosauroids. Here we used muscle-force reconstruction and finite element analysis (FEA) to quantify the cranial performance of tyrannosauroids and outgroup theropod clades. 2D (planar) cranial models, set to standardized skull lengths and jaw adductor forces, were used to analyze the evolution of feeding behavior in a…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

Size is an important aspect of dinosaur paleontology, of interest to both the general public and professional scientists. Dinosaurs show some of the most extreme variations in size of any land animal group, ranging from the bee hummingbird, weighing just three grams, to the extinct titanosaurs, such as Argentinosaurus and Bruhathkayosaurus, which could weigh as much as 50–130 t (55–143 short tons). The latest evidence suggests that dinosaurs' average size varied through the Triassic, early Jurassic, late Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, and dinosaurs probably only became widespread during the early or mid Jurassic. Predatory theropod dinosaurs, which occupied most terrestrial carnivore nich…

Evidence: 39 • authority: 77

In February 2012, scientists from the Universities of Liverpool and Manchester (both UK) published their discovery of the power of the jaws of Tyrannosaurus rex . They made a 3D computer model of a T. rex skull using a laser scanner and the digitally mapped muscles onto it. By making the digital muscles snap the jaws shut, the team estimated that the maximum force generated (at the back teeth), was up to 57,000 N (5,812 kgf; 12,814 lbf) – equivalent to the force of a medium-sized elephant sitting on the ground. On 4 April 2018, the scientists published a correction to their original calculations, lowering the estimated T. rex bite force slightly to 53,735 N (5,479 kgf; 12,080 lbf). Land animal with the strongest bite | Guinness World Records Records change on a daily basis and are not immediately published online. For a full list of record titles, please use our Record Application Search. (You will need to register / login for access)

Evidence: 39 • authority: 72

Allosaurus ( AL-o-SAWR-us) is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived 155 to 143 million years ago during the late Jurassic period (latest Oxfordian to latest Tithonian ages). The first fossil remains that could definitively be ascribed to this genus were described in 1877 by Othniel C. Marsh. The name "Allosaurus" means "different lizard", alluding to its lightweight vertebrae, which Marsh believed were unique. The genus has a very complicated taxonomy and includes at least three valid species, the best known of which is A. fragilis. The bulk of Allosaurus remains come from North America's Morrison Formation, with material also known from the Alcobaça, Bombarral, and Lourinhã formations in…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 88

The Tail of <i>Tyrannosaurus</i> : Reassessing the Size and Locomotive Importance of the <i>M. caudofemoralis</i> in Non‐Avian Theropods. Abstract Unlike extant birds and mammals, most non‐avian theropods had large muscular tails, with muscle arrangements similar to those of modern reptiles. Examination of ornithomimid and tyrannosaurid tails revealed sequential diagonal scarring on the lateral faces of four or more hemal spines that consistently correlates with the zone of the tail just anterior to the disappearance of the vertebral transverse processes. This sequential scarring is interpreted as the tapering boundary between the insertions of the M. caudofemoralis and the M. ilioischiocau…