konserwowanie: 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

On 11 March 2011, at 14:46:24 local time (UTC+9), a Mw 9.0–9.1 undersea megathrust earthquake occurred in the Pacific Ocean, 72 km (45 mi) east of the Oshika Peninsula of the Tōhoku region of Japan. It lasted approximately six minutes and caused a tsunami. It is sometimes known in Japan as the "Great East Japan Earthquake" (東日本大震災, Higashi Nihon Daishinsai), among other names. It is often referred to by its numerical date, 3.11 (read San ten Ichi-ichi in Japanese). The earthquake was the most powerful ever recorded in Japan, and the fourth most powerful recorded in the world since modern seismography began in 1900. It triggered powerful tsunami waves that may have reached heights of up to 4…

Evidence: 82 • authority: 72

On 26 December 2004, at 07:58:53 local time (UTC+7), a Mw 9.2–9.3 earthquake struck with its epicenter off the west coast of Aceh, in northern Sumatra, Indonesia. The undersea megathrust earthquake, known in the scientific community as the Sumatra–Andaman earthquake, was caused by a rupture along the fault boundary between the Burma plate and the Indian plate, and reached a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX in some areas. The earthquake caused a massive tsunami with waves up to 30 m (100 ft) high, referred to by British and Commonwealth media as the Boxing Day tsunami, after the Boxing Day holiday, or the Asian tsunami, which devastated communities along the surrounding coasts of the Indian…

Evidence: 24 • authority: 80

Deep space X-ray flash is most powerful ever recorded

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Megathrust earthquakes occur at convergent plate boundaries, where one tectonic plate is forced underneath another. The earthquakes are caused by slip along the thrust fault that forms the contact between the two plates. These interplate earthquakes are the planet's most powerful, with moment magnitudes (Mw) that can exceed 9.0. Since 1900, all earthquakes of magnitude 9.0 or greater have been megathrust earthquakes. The thrust faults responsible for megathrust earthquakes often lie at the bottom of oceanic trenches; in such cases, the earthquakes can abruptly displace the sea floor over a large area. As a result, megathrust earthquakes often generate tsunamis that are considerably more des…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

On 30 July 2025, at 11:24:52 PETT (29 July, 23:24:52 UTC), a Mw 8.8 megathrust earthquake struck off the eastern coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East, 119 km (74 mi) east-southeast of the coastal city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. It was the most powerful earthquake recorded worldwide since the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, and is tied with the 1906 Ecuador–Colombia and 2010 Chile earthquakes as the sixth-strongest ever recorded by seismometers. However, it caused minimal damage compared to other earthquakes of similar magnitude. The earthquake caused moderate damage and multiple injuries in Kamchatka Krai and Sakhalin Oblast. The subsequent Pacific-wide tsunami was weaker than…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The 1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake struck off the coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula. The Mw 8.8–9.0 earthquake occurred on 5 November 1952 at 04:58 local time, triggering a major tsunami that struck the Kuril Islands and the Kamchatka Peninsula within the Russian SFSR in the Soviet Union. This led to the destruction of many settlements in Sakhalin Oblast and Kamchatka Oblast, while the main impact struck the town of Severo-Kurilsk. It remains the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Russia and the fifth most powerful earthquake ever recorded in the world since modern seismography began in 1900. It was also the deadliest and most damaging tsunami recorded in Russia.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The 1964 Alaska earthquake, also known as the Great Alaska earthquake and Good Friday earthquake, occurred at 5:36 PM AKST on Good Friday, March 27, 1964. Across south-central Alaska, ground fissures, collapsing structures, and tsunamis resulting from the earthquake caused about 139 deaths. Lasting four minutes and thirty-eight seconds, the magnitude 9.2–9.3 megathrust earthquake remains the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in North America and the second most powerful earthquake ever recorded in the world since modern seismography began in 1900. Six hundred miles (970 km) of fault ruptured at once and moved up to 60 ft (18 m), releasing about 500 years of stress buildup. Soil liquefa…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Estimation of site effects in the Kumamoto area, Japan, using aftershock acceleration records of the 2016 Kumamoto Mj 7.3 earthquake. Assessing the influence of local site conditions on seismic ground motion is crucial for seismic hazard analysis and earthquake engineering research and applications. This study analyzes site effects in the Kumamoto area, Japan, using 985 high-quality horizontal strong-motion records from 45 aftershocks (Mj = 2.7-4.9) recorded within 24 hours following the 2016 Kumamoto Mj 7.3 earthquake, as observed by 51 K-NET and KiK-net stations. For the generalized inversion technique (GIT), a reference station is required as a standard. In the GIT process, the number of…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Earthquake magnitudes revision from early instrumental records: Greece and southern Balkans, 1900-1910. Records from five Agamennone-type mechanical seismographs have been utilized for the first time to recalculate earthquake magnitudes in Greece and the southern Balkans from 1900 to 1910. Mainka and Wiechert seismometers were used for the Greek seismicity monitoring and the surface-wave magnitude, Ms, determinations of hundreds of earthquakes occurring for several decades after 1910. Since the intermediate natural period (3.5-9.0 s) was a common feature of Agamennone, Mainka and Wiechert instruments, we utilized Agamennone trace amplitudes recorded from 1900 to 1910 and after calibration f…