materiały: Coal combustion products

Evidence: 62 • authority: 88

Properties of cement with the low Portland clinker and the different content of silica fly ash as well as granulated blast furnace slag. The paper presents a study to determine the applicability of blended cements with low Portland clinker content in construction mortars, including special mortars. The main additives used in the study, in the form of ground granulated blast furnace slag and silica fly ash, were characterised by a similar grain composition of less than 40 μm. They were introduced into mortars as a replacement for Portland cement in amounts of 50 and 70 % and their mixtures in amounts not exceeding 70 %. Tests were carried out to determine the influence of the proportion, as…

Evidence: 56 • authority: 72

White Portland cement or white ordinary Portland cement (WOPC) is similar to ordinary, gray Portland cement in all aspects except for its high degree of whiteness. Obtaining this color requires substantial modifications to the method of manufacturing. It requires a much lower content in colored impurities in the raw materials (essentially limestone and clay) used to produce clinker: low levels of Cr2O3, Mn2O3, and Fe2O3), but above all, a higher temperature is needed for the final sintering step in the cement kiln (1600 to 1700 °C in place of 1450 °C for ordinary Portland cement) because of the higher melting point of the mix depleted in iron oxides (serving as flux in Portland cement). Bec…

Evidence: 56 • authority: 72

Coal combustion products (CCPs), also called coal combustion wastes (CCWs) or coal combustion residuals (CCRs), are by-products of burning coal. They are categorized in four groups, each based on physical and chemical forms derived from coal combustion methods and emission controls: Fly ash is captured after coal combustion by filters (bag houses), electrostatic precipitators and other air pollution control devices. It comprises 60 percent of all coal combustion waste (labeled here as coal combustion products). It is most commonly used as a high-performance substitute for Portland cement or as clinker for Portland cement production. Cements blended with fly ash are becoming more common. Bui…

Evidence: 49 • authority: 80

Durability of composites made with fly ash—slag cements with a low content of Portland cement clinker

Evidence: 49 • authority: 92

Municipal solid waste incineration residues recycled for typical construction materials-a review.. Focusing on the great potential of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) residues in the construction sector, the applications of recycling MSWI residues in construction materials are discussed in this review. Incineration is a promising method for managing the great quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW). Careful handling of incineration residues including fly ash, air pollution control (APC) residues, and bottom ash is required for this approach. The yield of these residues is large, and they contain many toxic and harmful substances. On the other hand, these residues contain valuable c…

Evidence: 49 • authority: 92

Recycled Components in 3D Concrete Printing Mixes: A Review.. Rapid population growth and accelerating urbanization are intensifying the demand for construction materials, particularly concrete, which is predominantly produced with Portland cement and natural aggregates. This reliance imposes substantial environmental burdens through resource depletion and greenhouse gas emissions. Within the framework of sustainable construction, recycled aggregates and industrial by-products such as fly ash, slags, crushed glass, and other secondary raw materials have emerged as viable substitutes in concrete production. At the same time, three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP) offers opportunities to…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 72

Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-specialty grout. It was developed from other types of hydraulic lime in England in the early 19th century by Joseph Aspdin, and is usually made from limestone. It is a fine powder, produced by heating limestone and clay minerals in a kiln to form clinker, and then grinding the clinker with the addition of several percent (often around 5%) gypsum. Several types of Portland cement are available. The most common, historically called ordinary Portland cement (OPC), is grey, but white Portland cement is also available. The cement was so named by Joseph Aspd…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 72

Cement kilns are mechanical, industrial furnaces used for the pyroprocessing stage of manufacture of portland and other types of hydraulic cement. The kilns use high heat to cook calcium carbonate with silica-bearing minerals to create the more reactive mixture of calcium silicates, called clinker, which is ground into a fine powder that is the main component of cements and concretes. Kilns are relatively distributed technologies all over the world: over a billion tonnes of cement are made per year, and cement kiln capacity defines the capacity of the cement plants. The kilns is an integrated part of the cement plant, connected by a number of ancillary pieces of equipment, used to engineer…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 72

A cement is a binder used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces concrete. Concrete is the most widely used material in existence and is behind only water as the planet's most-consumed resource. Cements used in construction are usually inorganic, often lime- or calcium silicate-based, and are either hydraulic or less commonly non-hydraulic, depending on the ability of the cement to set in the presence of water (see hydraulic and non-hydraulic lime plaster)…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 80

Characterization of Slag, Fly Ash and Portland Cement for Saltstone

Evidence: 43 • authority: 80

Activated Low Clinker Slag Portland Cement and Concrete on Its Basis

Evidence: 37 • authority: 80

Steel slag-based Belite-Ferrite clinker as a low-carbon component in Portland cement: Formation, hydration and microstructural refinement