historia: Economy

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

An economy is an area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods and services. In general, it is defined as a social domain that emphasize the practices, discourses, and material expressions associated with the production, use, and management of resources. A given economy is a set of processes that involves its culture, values, education, technological evolution, history, social organization, political structure, legal systems, and natural resources as main factors. These factors give context, content, and set the conditions and parameters in which an economy functions. In other words, the economic domain is a social domain of interrelated human practices and…

Evidence: 54 • authority: 72

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the total market value of all of the final goods and services which are produced and rendered during a specific period of time (usually a year) by a country or countries. GDP is often used to measure the economic activity of a country or region. The major components of GDP are consumption, government spending, net exports (exports minus imports), and investment. Changing any of these factors can increase the size of the economy. For example, population growth through mass immigration can raise consumption and demand for public services, thereby contributing to GDP growth. However, GDP is not a measure of overall standard of living or wel…

Evidence: 53 • authority: 72

A moneyless economy or nonmonetary economy is a system for allocation of goods and services without payment of money. The simplest example is the family household. Other examples include barter economies, gift economies and primitive communism. Even in a monetary economy, there are a significant number of nonmonetary transactions. Examples include household labor, care giving, civic activity, or friends working to help one another. These nonmonetized labors represent an important part of the economy, and may constitute half of the work done in the United States. These nonmonetary subeconomies are referred to as embedded nonmonetary economies. The nonmonetary economy could make the labor mar…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

The North American monetary union is a theoretical economic and monetary union of three North American countries: Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Implementation would involve the three countries giving up their current currency units (the U.S. dollar, the Canadian dollar, and the Mexican peso) and adopting a new one, created specifically for this purpose (some versions of the theory assume only the United States and Canada would be included). The hypothetical currency for the union is most often referred to as the amero. The concept is modeled on the common European Union currency (the euro).

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The economic and monetary union (EMU) of the European Union is a group of policies aimed at converging the economies of member states of the European Union at three stages. There are three stages of the EMU, each of which consists of progressively closer economic integration. Only once a state participates in the third stage it is permitted to adopt the euro as its official currency. As such, the third stage is largely synonymous with the eurozone. The euro convergence criteria are the set of requirements that needs to be fulfilled in order for a country to be approved to participate in the third stage. An important element of this is participation for a minimum of two years in the European…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

An economic and monetary union (EMU) is a type of trade bloc that features a combination of a common market, customs union, and monetary union. Established via a trade pact, an EMU constitutes the sixth of seven stages in the process of economic integration. An EMU agreement usually combines a customs union with a common market. A typical EMU establishes free trade and a common external tariff throughout its jurisdiction. It is also designed to protect freedom in the movement of goods, services, and people. This arrangement is distinct from a monetary union (e.g., the Latin Monetary Union), which does not usually involve a common market. As with the economic and monetary union established a…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Information Loss in Scalar Monetary Aggregation: A Tensorial Langevin Framework for Financial Shock Propagation and Policy Targeting.. We develop a tensor-based dynamical framework for monetary flows in multi-sector, multi-agent economies and quantify the information destroyed when the monetary state is reduced to a scalar aggregate. The state is a third-order tensor encoding capital flows across sectors, agent classes, and time; deviations from equilibrium obey a tensor-indexed Langevin (multivariate Ornstein-Uhlenbeck) equation with a coupling operator and channel-specific friction rates. Using standard Lyapunov theory, we assemble a stability and convergence framework for the induced vec…