społeczeństwo: Cognitive dissonance

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

In the field of psychology, cognitive dissonance is described as a mental phenomenon in which people unknowingly or subconsciously hold fundamentally conflicting cognitions. Being confronted by situations that create this dissonance or highlight these inconsistencies motivates change in their cognitions or actions to reduce this dissonance, maybe by changing a belief, by explaining something away, or by taking actions that reduce perceived inconsistency. Relevant items of cognition include people's actions, feelings, ideas, beliefs, values, and things in the environment. Cognitive dissonance exists without outward sign, but surfaces through psychological stress when psychological discomfort…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 72

Body image disturbance (BID) is a common symptom in patients with eating disorders and is characterized by an altered perception of one's own body. The onset is mainly attributed to patients with anorexia nervosa who persistently tend to subjectively discern themselves as average or overweight despite adequate, clinical grounds for a classification of being considerably or severely underweight. The symptom is an altered perception of one's body and a severe state of bodily dissatisfaction characterizing the body image disturbance. It is included among the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa in DSM-5 (criterion C). The disturbance is associated with significant bodily dissatisfaction an…

Evidence: 40 • authority: 88

Cognitive Dissonance in Negotiation: Free Choice or Counter-Attitudinal Justification?. Previous research suggests that negotiators inflate their valuation for offers they make and devalue offers they choose not to make due to the psychological process of cognitive dissonance reduction. Research outside of the negotiation context suggests that cognitive dissonance is induced either by being forced to choose among relatively equal options or by having to justify a counter-attitudinal position. A negotiation involves both choice and justification, so it is unclear which process is responsible for inducing cognitive dissonance or preference inflation. We present two studies in which the effect…

Evidence: 40 • authority: 92

Mechanisms of change for two brief alcohol interventions: Testing theoretical mediators for counter attitudinal advocacy and personalized feedback intervention effects.. Background Given the importance of identifying mechanisms of action for the development and dissemination of alcohol interventions, this study tests theory-based mechanisms of change for two brief alcohol interventions. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of data from an efficacy trial that compared a novel intervention based on Counter Attitudinal Advocacy (CAA) to an evidence-based intervention using Personalized Normative Feedback (PNF) and an assessment-only control. Participants consisted of 585 heavy-drinking co…

Evidence: 40 • authority: 92

A cognitive dissonance-based mobile app intervention for smoking cessation: A single-arm pilot trial.. Introduction Despite overall declines in the rate of tobacco use in the United States over the past 30 years, nearly 38 million Americans still smoke, posing extremely high risk for long-term health problems and death. Recent reviews note that there has been significant progress in the application of both clinical and public health interventions to help smokers quit; however, they have also concluded that the overall success rate has not significantly improved. There remains a need for novel, theory-driven approaches to enhance quit rates and innovative interventions that increase reach an…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 92

Correcting Misperceptions Across Contexts: The Political Impact of Gender Inequality Information in Japan and South Korea.. How do citizens respond to accurate information regarding social inequality? This study examines public perceptions of gender inequality in Japan and South Korea-two high-income democracies characterized by persistent gender gaps but contrasting political contexts. Using original survey data and preregistered survey experiments ( N = 7,000), we test whether corrective information about gender disparities influences support for related government policies. The findings reveal notable cross-national variation: While corrective information had a minimal effect on Japanese…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 80

CHINESE ATTITUDINAL REACTIONS TO FORCED COMPLIANCE: A CROSS-CULTURAL EXPERIMENT IN THE THEORY OF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE

Evidence: 34 • authority: 72

Ambivalence is a state of having simultaneous conflicting reactions, beliefs, or feelings towards some object. Stated another way, ambivalence is the experience of having an attitude towards someone or something that contains both positively and negatively valenced components. The term also refers to situations where "mixed feelings" of a more general sort are experienced, or where a person experiences uncertainty or indecisiveness. Although attitudes tend to guide attitude-relevant behavior, those held with ambivalence tend to do so to a lesser extent. The less certain an individual is in their attitude, the more impressionable it becomes, hence making future actions less predictable and/o…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 92

Explaining the attitude-behaviour gap in adolescent sexual and reproductive health service utilization: A cognitive dissonance perspective from rural Uganda.. Adolescents in low-resource settings hold positive attitudes toward sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services, yet fail to use them. This study presents a theoretical reinterpretation of mixed-methods data (N = 408 adolescents, aged 13-19) from Uganda's Busoga region, through Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory. Quantitative findings showed health-seeking attitudes predicted SRH service utilization (β = 0.910, p p < .001), but 52% of adolescents had no SRH service contact in past year, and mean uptake scores remained below 2.0…

Evidence: — • authority: 80

EFFECTS OF PAST TRANSGRESSIONS IN AN INDUCED HYPOCRISY PARADIGM

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Vicarious Dissonance: Pre-Registered Meta-Analysis.. The vicarious cognitive dissonance process predicts that observing an inconsistent act by a member of the ingroup causes uncomfortable arousal in the observer, inducing a motivation to reduce this discomfort. This meta-analysis examined the effect of vicarious cognitive dissonance based on 24 studies ( N = 16,769). Our results indicated a small effect for the vicarious cognitive dissonance ( g = 0.41 [0.27, 0.54], p g = 0.22, p = .042), that was inflated by small sample sizes (R-index = 14.6%). We discussed theoretical issues concerning the psychological processes underlying vicarious cognitive dissonance, and methodological questions con…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Subjective Norm Rather Than Social Norm in the Induced-Hypocrisy Paradigm: A Test in the Context of School Bullying Victim Support.. The induced-hypocrisy paradigm is an effective two-step procedure-normative-salience step and then transgressions-salience step-for encouraging normative behaviors. In the context of promoting school bullying victim support among witnesses, this study tests whether the activation of a subjective norm rather than a social norm as traditionally practiced in the hypocrisy procedure can enhance the hypocrisy effect. Middle school students ( N = 191) were assigned to either the control, social-norm-hypocrisy, or subjective-norm-hypocrisy conditions. Victim-defendin…