budownictwo: Vernacular architecture

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Vernacular architecture (also folk architecture) is building done outside any academic tradition, and without the involvement of professional designers and architects. Vernacular architecture is not a particular architectural movement or style. Rather, it is a broad category, encompassing a wide range and variety of building types; with differing methods of construction from around the world, including historical and extant, classical and modern examples. In 1995, Amos Rapoport estimated that vernacular architecture constitutes 95% of the world's built environment, as measured against the small percentage of new buildings every year designed by architects and built by engineers. Vernacular…

Evidence: 49 • authority: 88

Master Builders and their Craft. The architectural profession and architectural practices changed dramatically during the Transitional Period. Before that time, architectural creation was theory driven, following the Roman model elaborated by Vitruvius in the first century BCE. By the Middle Byzantine period, architecture had become in effect an illiterate profession, conservatively guided by established workshop practices. When innovation appeared, it was usually on a small scale, affecting the details but not the overall design. Even the language changed: the terms mechanikos (engineer) and architekton (architect) are replaced by oikodomos (builder).

Evidence: 44 • authority: 72

Indigenous architecture refers to the study and practice of architecture of, for, and by Indigenous peoples. This field of study and practice in Australia, Canada, the circumpolar regions, New Zealand, the United States, and many other regions where Indigenous people have a built tradition or aspire translate or to have their cultures translated in the built environment. This has been extended to landscape architecture, planning, placemaking, public art, urban design, and other ways of contributing to the design of built environments. The term usually designates culture-specific architecture: it covers both the vernacular architecture and contemporary or new traditional architecture inspire…

Evidence: 44 • authority: 92

Sustainable rural housing in cold climates: a model for Rumicruz-Ecuador.. Background The loss of cultural identity in the rural architecture of Rumicruz, Chimborazo, is a consequence of the adoption of generic models and unsustainable modern materials, which has affected thermal comfort and the connection with local traditions. This research proposes sustainable housing that combines vernacular and modern techniques, respecting both the environment and the community's needs. Method Based on a mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative), the architectural, social, and environmental context was analyzed through a field diagnosis, literature review and critical observation. During this proc…

Evidence: 39 • authority: 92

Boat-shaped houses of the indigenous Li people on Hainan Island, China: plant resources and ecological adaptations.. Background The traditional boat-shaped houses of the Li people on Hainan Island, China, reflect centuries of ecological adaptation to the tropical rainforest. These vernacular dwellings are now threatened by rural depopulation and rapid modernization. We explore the ecological function, material use, and cultural value of the boat-shaped houses of the Li people and support their nomination as a site of UNESCO World Natural and Cultural Heritage. Methods We combined ethnobotanical surveys, environmental measurements, and literature analysis to evaluate plant-based construction…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 92

Community-led initiatives for the rehabilitation and management of vernacular settlements in Oman: a phenomenon in the making.. Once abandoned for more than three decades, vernacular settlements in Oman are now being progressively reinvested in to foster the country's heritage tourism sector. The present research focuses on the emerging phenomenon of community-led initiatives for vernacular heritage rehabilitation and adaptive reuse in Oman. Through an examination of three case studies, its aim is to describe this process and its modes of action and discuss its effects on vernacular settlement transformations. A mixed research methodology was designed to include (A) analyses of relevant pri…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 72

Sudano-Sahelian architecture refers to a range of similar indigenous architectural styles common to the African peoples of the Sahel and Sudanian grassland (geographical) regions of West Africa, south of the Sahara, but north of the fertile forest regions of the coast. This style is characterized by the use of mudbricks and adobe plaster, with large wooden-log support beams that jut out from the wall face for large buildings such as mosques or palaces. These beams also act as scaffolding for reworking, which is done at regular intervals, and involves the local community.

Evidence: 34 • authority: 72

Inca architecture is the most significant pre-Columbian architecture in South America. The Incas inherited an architectural legacy from Tiwanaku, founded in the 2nd century B.C.E. in present-day Bolivia. A core characteristic of the architectural style was to use the topography and existing materials of the land as part of the design. The capital of the Inca empire, Cuzco, still contains many fine examples of Inca architecture, although many walls of Inca masonry have been incorporated into Spanish Colonial structures. The famous royal estate of Machu Picchu is a surviving example of Inca architecture. Other significant sites include Sacsayhuamán and Ollantaytambo. The Incas also developed…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 80

Vernacular architecture in Saudi Arabia: Revival of displaced traditions

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Postmodern architecture is a style or movement which emerged in the 1960s as a reaction against the austerity, formality, and lack of variety of modern architecture, particularly in the international style championed by Philip Johnson and Henry-Russell Hitchcock. The movement was formally introduced by the architect and urban planner Denise Scott Brown and architectural theorist Robert Venturi in their 1972 book Learning from Las Vegas, building upon Venturi's "gentle manifesto" Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture, published by the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1966. Charles Jencks famously declared the "death" of modern architecture in his book The Language of Post-Modern Ar…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Neoclassical architecture, sometimes referred to as Classical Revival architecture, is an architectural style produced by the Neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy, France and Germany. It became one of the most prominent architectural styles in the Western world. The prevailing styles of architecture in most of Europe for the previous two centuries, Renaissance architecture and Baroque architecture, already represented partial revivals of the Classical architecture of ancient Rome and ancient Greek architecture, but the Neoclassical movement aimed to strip away the excesses of Late Baroque and return to a purer, more complete, and more authentic classical style,…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Brutalist architecture is an architectural style that emerged during the 1950s in the United Kingdom, among the reconstruction projects of the post-war era. Brutalist buildings are known for minimalist construction showcasing the bare building materials and structural elements over decorative design. The style commonly makes use of exposed, unpainted concrete or brick, angular geometric shapes and a predominantly monochrome colour palette; other materials, such as steel, timber, and glass, are also featured. Descended from modernism, brutalism is said to be a reaction against the nostalgia of architecture in the 1940s. Derived from the Swedish word nybrutalism, the term "new brutalism" was…