Ciekawostka: You're born with 300 bones, but by the time you become an adult, you only have 206

Evidence: 45 • authority: 92

New Insights Into Cranial Base Ontogeny in Modern Humans Through Morphometric Analysis.. Objectives The cranial base is located at the interface between the face, the brain, and the vertebral column. Understanding its growth is essential for elucidating key aspects of craniofacial development, neurodevelopment, and locomotor function. This study aims to examine the developmental trajectories of the three cranial fossae, anterior, middle, and posterior, in terms of both size and shape. Materials and methods 203 CT scans of individuals aged from birth to 15 years were segmented and analyzed. Traditional morphometric analyses based on linear measurements were first conducted to assess changes…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 72

Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue found within the spongy (also known as cancellous) portions of bones. In birds and mammals, bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production (or haematopoiesis). It is composed of hematopoietic cells, marrow adipose tissue, and supportive stromal cells. In adult humans, bone marrow is primarily located in the ribs, vertebrae, sternum, and bones of the pelvis. Bone marrow comprises approximately 5% of total body mass in healthy adult humans, such that a person weighing 73 kg (161 lbs) will have around 3.7 kg (8 lbs) of bone marrow. Human marrow produces approximately 500 billion blood cells per day, which join the systemic circulation via permea…

Evidence: 31 • authority: 92

Perinatal outcomes in 35 children with cartilage hair hypoplasia.. BACKGROUND: Cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH), an autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia due to RMRP mutations, is characterized by short stature, immunodeficiency, anemia, and increased malignancies. Growth failure has its onset prenatally. Birth and neonatal care in pregnancies with fetal skeletal dysplasia have been studied in some other skeletal dysplasias but there have been no previous studies on these aspects in CHH. In this retrospective cohort study, we reviewed patient records for 35 Finnish children with CHH born in 2000–2023 to evaluate the course and management of pregnancies and deliveries and the prenatal and ne…

Evidence: 31 • authority: 92

Chronic Perfluorooctanoic Acid Exposure in Young Adult Zebrafish Affects Scale and Internal Skeleton Bone Metabolism, as Well as Offspring Bone Development.. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is one of the most extensively investigated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a class of highly fluorinated organic compounds widely used in consumer products. While assessing the long-term health effects of chronic PFOA exposure in humans remains challenging, simple animal models like zebrafish serve as essential tools to identify potential toxicological risks. The aim of this study was to investigate the chronic effects of PFOA on bone metabolism in young adult zebrafish, as well as the potenti…

Evidence: — • authority: 35