polska: History of artificial intelligence

Evidence: 44 • authority: 80

"We Propose That a 2-Month, 10-Man Study of Artificial Intelligence Be Carried Out During the Summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College” - A (Different Kind of) History of AI

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

The history of artificial intelligence (AI) began in antiquity, with myths, stories, and rumors of artificial beings endowed with intelligence by master craftsmen. The field of research that eventually evolved into what is widely described as artificial intelligence was founded at a workshop held on the campus of Dartmouth College in 1956. At the workshop, a concept of the first AI program, Logic Theorist, was presented by future Turing Awardee Allen Newell and future Nobel Laureate Herbert A. Simon, with help from J. C. Shaw. The software architecture of this program differed from modern AI systems in that it was a hand-written fixed script. Attendees of the workshop became the leaders of…

Evidence: 77 • authority: 72

The Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence was a 1956 summer workshop widely considered to be the founding event of artificial intelligence as a field. The workshop has been referred to as "the Constitutional Convention of AI". The project's four organizers, Claude Shannon, John McCarthy, Nathaniel Rochester and Marvin Minsky, are considered some of the "founding fathers" of AI. However it was not the first conference devoted to what would now be described as the question of artificial intelligence: it postdated meetings such as the 1951 Paris cybernetics conference and the Macy meetings. The project lasted approximately six to eight weeks and consisted largely of brai…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 72

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the capability of computational systems to perform tasks typically associated with human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and decision-making. It is a field of research in engineering, mathematics, and computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take actions that maximise their chances of achieving defined goals. High-profile applications of AI include advanced web search engines, chatbots, virtual assistants, autonomous vehicles, play and analysis in strategy games (e.g., chess and Go), and content generation (e.g…

Evidence: 44 • authority: 80

11Chapter 1 “We propose that a 2-month, 10-man study of artificial intelligence be carried out during the summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College” – A (different kind of) history of AI

Evidence: 20 • authority: 72

Artificial intelligence visual art, or AI art, is artistic content generated or assisted by artificial intelligence (AI) programs. The classification of AI output as "art" remains controversial, and AI-created works have been variously rejected or recognized by existing artistic institutions. The application of robotics or primitive algorithms to art has been discussed or practiced since antiquity; however, the term primarily refers to visual works created by modern generative AI trained on preexisting content. During the AI boom of the 2020s, text-to-image models such as Midjourney, DALL-E and Stable Diffusion became widely available to the public, allowing users to quickly generate imager…

Evidence: 20 • authority: 80

Ray Nash and the Graphic Arts Workshop at Dartmouth College

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The AI boom is the period of rapid growth in the field of artificial intelligence in the 2020s. Generative AI technologies include large language models (LLM), which generate text and code, image models, and video models, and world models. This period is sometimes referred to as an AI spring, a term used to contrast it with previous AI winters. Key advances preceding the boom include the transformer (2017), generative pre-trained transformer (2018) and reinforcement learning from human feedback. During the boom, LLMs have evolved via the reasoning model, mixture of experts technique, and multimodal learning. As of 2026, leading proprietary LLMs have been released by Anthropic, OpenAI, and d…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Leiden Declaration on Artificial Intelligence and Mathematics is a statement published in June 2026 by an international group of mathematicians in response to rapid progress by artificial intelligence (AI) in producing research-level mathematics. It originated at a September 2025 workshop at the Lorentz Center at Leiden University and is endorsed by the International Mathematical Union. The declaration warns that reliance on AI-generated proofs threatens the accuracy, reliability and independent verifiability of mathematical research, and that the growing involvement of AI companies risks skewing research priorities toward problems amenable to AI methods while disadvantaging researchers…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

In the field of artificial intelligence, sycophancy is a tendency of large language models (LLMs) and other AI assistants to tailor their responses to what they predict the user wants to hear rather than to what is accurate or warranted. The behavior takes several forms: an assistant may agree with a user's stated opinion even when the user is mistaken; it may abandon a correct answer after a challenge such as "are you sure?"; it may validate beliefs, decisions or self-presentation regardless of merit; or it may praise the user, their work or their ideas in unwarranted terms. The word is borrowed from the ordinary English term for fawning flattery, and is used in AI alignment and AI safety…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is a hypothetical type of artificial intelligence that matches or surpasses human capabilities across virtually all cognitive tasks. Unlike artificial narrow intelligence (ANI), whose competence is confined to well‑defined tasks, an AGI system can generalise knowledge, transfer skills between domains, and solve novel problems without task‑specific reprogramming. Creating AGI is a stated goal of technology companies such as OpenAI, Google, SpaceXAI, and Meta. A 2020 survey identified 72 active AGI research and development projects across 37 countries. AGI is a common topic in science fiction and futures studies. Contention exists over whether AGI represe…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

In the field of artificial intelligence (AI), a hallucination or artificial hallucination (also called bullshitting, confabulation, delusion, or mirage) is a response generated by AI that contains false or misleading information presented as fact. These terms draw a loose analogy with human psychology, where a hallucination typically involves false percepts. Chatbots powered by large language models (LLMs), like ChatGPT, may embed plausible-sounding random falsehoods within their generated content, such as fabricated citations. Detecting and mitigating errors and hallucinations pose significant challenges for practical deployment and reliability of LLMs in high-stakes scenarios, such as chi…