rośliny-i-grzyby: Freeze-fracture

Freeze-fracture can be induced artificially to view in detail the properties of a material.

Freeze-fracture is a natural fracturing phenomenon that leads to processes like erosion of the Earth's crust or deterioration of food via freeze-thaw cycles. Freeze-fracture can be induced artificially to view in detail the properties of a material. Fracture during freezing often results from the expansion of crystallizing water. Crystallization is also a factor leading to chemical changes of a substance due to changes in the crystal surroundings, called eutectic formation. Imaging the fractured surface of a frozen substance enables its interior to be investigated, as illustrated by the picture of the iceberg, a fractured piece of glacier. By photographing at high magnifications, a fractured object's substructure and the changes that occur during freezing can be studied. When fractured surfaces are imaged in detail, changes occurring during fracture, immediately after fracture, and even during sample preparation must be considered when inferring the unbroken material's structure. The often relatively cold temperatures needed to make an object solid enough to fracture, and the fracture process itself, stress and deform the material. Imaging of fine detail under sub-zero conditions is difficult. The material will start to warm again when removed to a position for photography. Ambient gases, often water vapor, will condense on the cold surfaces, reacting with them, obscuring deta…

Kategoria: rośliny-i-grzyby

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