czas-i-pomiary: Cement

Evidence: 66 • authority: 72

Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bound together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid. It is the second-most-used substance (after water), the most widely used building material, and the most-manufactured material in the world. Cement-bound concrete differs from the less rigid, less durable asphaltic concrete, which has a bituminous binder. When aggregate is mixed with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a fluid slurry that can be poured and molded into shape. The cement reacts with the water through a process called hydration, which hardens it after several hours to form a solid matrix that binds the materials together into a durable stone-like materi…

Evidence: 50 • authority: 72

Asphalt concrete or asphaltic concrete (commonly called asphalt, blacktop, or pavement in North America, and tarmac, bitmac or bitumen macadam in the United Kingdom and Ireland) is a composite material commonly used to surface roads, parking lots, airports, and the core of embankment dams. Asphalt mixtures have been used in pavement construction since the nineteenth century. It consists of mineral aggregate bound together with bitumen (a substance also independently known as asphalt, pitch, or tar), laid in layers, and compacted. The American English terms asphalt (or asphaltic) concrete, bituminous asphalt concrete, and bituminous mixture are typically used only in engineering and construc…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 80

Development of material to be used for bearing pad in precast concrete connections

Evidence: 42 • authority: 80

Modeling Material Response of Fiber Composites used for the Retrofit of Existing Concrete Structures under Blast Loadings

Evidence: 42 • authority: 80

Evaluation of reactive powder concrete used as a retrofitting material for concrete members

Evidence: 42 • authority: 92

Empirical Determination and Modelling of Compressive Strength of Cement Composites with Waste Tyre Rubber.. Incorporating waste tyre rubber into cement composites could pose a sustainable strategy for reducing tyre waste, whilst simultaneously preserving natural resources. Accurate prediction of the compressive strength is essential for the efficient development and application of the new material. This study presents the experimental research and a new proposed machine learning modelling framework aimed at predicting the compressive strength of conventional and rubber-modified cement composites containing recycled rubber derived from end-of-life vehicle tyres. Experimental datasets from co…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 92

Microanalysis and Optimization of Sulfate Corrosion Resistance of Flowable Concrete Using Response Surface Methodology.. In this study, the Box-Behnken response surface method was used to investigate the effects of coarse aggregate gradation (percentage of 5-10 mm stone), water-reducing agent mixture, and aggregate-to-cementitious material ratio on the workability, compressive strength, and sulfate corrosion resistance of flowable concrete. These three factors served as the independent variables. A response surface regression model was constructed using data from 17 tests to analyze the variations in slump flow, J-ring extensibility, 28-day compressive strengths, compressive strength retent…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 72

Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete or ferro-concrete, is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are compensated for by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ductility. The reinforcement is usually, though not necessarily, steel reinforcing bars (known as rebar) and is usually embedded passively in the concrete before the concrete sets. However, post-tensioning is also employed as a technique to reinforce the concrete. In terms of volume used annually, it is one of the most common engineering materials. In corrosion engineering terms, when designed correctly, the alkalinity of the concrete protects the ste…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 72

Roman concrete, also called opus caementicium, was used in construction in ancient Rome. Like its modern equivalent, Roman concrete was based on a hydraulic-setting cement added to an aggregate. Many buildings and structures still standing today, such as bridges, reservoirs and aqueducts, were built with this material, which attests to both its versatility and its durability. It was previously thought that its strength was enhanced by the incorporation of pozzolanic ash where available (particularly in the Bay of Naples). The addition of ash prevented cracks from spreading. However, research in 2023 has shown that the incorporation of mixtures of different types of lime, forming conglomerat…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 92

Evaluating the role of silica fume and Alccofine in concrete mechanical and durability strength using machine learning models.. Cement manufacturing is a significant source of CO 2 emissions in the world, with approximately 8% of the global emissions being due to cement manufacturing, mainly through clinker manufacturing. In order to reduce its environmental effects, this paper examines the use of silica fume (SF) and Alccofine (AF) as additional cementitious materials (SCMs) to improve the mechanical and durability characteristics of concrete. The first stage involved the addition of SF at 5, 7.5 and 10% replacement levels to establish the optimum dosage and the second stage involved the a…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 92

Optimizing the sustainability assessment, mechanical properties and drying shrinkage of concrete containing groundnut shell ash using RSM modeling.. The past decade has seen increased research interest on the possible alternatives to cement in concrete and mortar, with materials that are environmentally friendly, economical, and socially inherent. However, recycling, reusing, and regenerating methods may be used to harness the potential benefits of agricultural/industrial wastes as alternatives. The utilization of these recyclables as supplementary and alternative resources yields notable energy conservation and a reduction in cement consumption, thus contributing to the mitigation of carbo…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 72

Road salt (also known as deicing salt, rock salt, snow salt or grit salt) is a salt used mainly as an anti-slip and deicing agent for roads, sidewalks and other transportation surfaces during the winter. The most commonly used form is sodium chloride (NaCl), though other salts such as calcium chloride and magnesium chloride are also employed, especially in colder temperatures. When used in its solid form, road salt is often pre-wet to accelerate the ice-melting process. Road salt lowers the freezing point of water through freezing-point depression and thus prevents ice formation, which in turn improves traction and safety for vehicles and pedestrians. The widespread use of road salts began…