rośliny-i-grzyby: Lemur

Evidence: 52 • authority: 72

Hubbard's sportive lemur (Lepilemur hubbardorum), or the Zombitse sportive lemur, is a sportive lemur endemic to Madagascar. It has total length of about 51 to 59 cm (20 to 23 in), of which 23–25 cm (9.1–9.8 in) are tail. Hubbard's sportive lemur is found north of the Onilahy River and south of the Mangoky River in Zombitse-Vohibasia National Park in southwestern Madagascar, living in dry transitional forests. The species listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and is threatened by habitat loss and degradation, forest fires, and unsustainable levels of hunting. Hubbard's sportive lemur was described as a new species in 2006 when mitochondrial DNA se…

Evidence: 50 • authority: 72

The gray-headed lemur (Eulemur cinereiceps), or gray-headed brown lemur, is a medium-sized primate, a cathemeral species of lemur in the family Lemuridae. Until a taxonomic revision in 2008, it was known as the white-collared brown lemur or white-collared lemur (Eulemur albocollaris). It lives in south-eastern Madagascar. In 2005, satellite imagery estimates showed approximately 700 km2 (270 sq mi) of total remaining habitat within its geographic range. It is highly threatened by hunting and habitat loss, and was considered to be among the 25 most endangered primates in 2006–2008. It is currently listed as Critically Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) du…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

As of October 2026, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) listed 236 critically endangered mammalian species, including 29 which are tagged as possibly extinct. Of all evaluated mammalian species, 3.9% are listed as critically endangered. The IUCN also lists 59 mammalian subspecies as critically endangered. Of the subpopulations of mammals evaluated by the IUCN, 22 species subpopulations have been assessed as critically endangered. Additionally 773 mammalian species (12.8% of those evaluated) are listed as data deficient, meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status. As these species typically have small distributions and/or popu…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 72

The collared brown lemur (Eulemur collaris), also known as the red-collared brown lemur, collared lemur, or red-collared lemur, is a medium-sized strepsirrhine primate and one of twelve species of brown lemur in the family Lemuridae. It is only found in south-eastern Madagascar. Like most species of lemur, it is arboreal, moving quadrupedally and occasionally leaping from tree to tree. Like other brown lemurs, this species is cathemeral (active during the day and the night), lives in social groups, primarily eats fruit, exhibits sexual dichromatism, and does not demonstrate female dominance. The species is listed as Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and…

Evidence: 39 • authority: 92

Dietary and Ranging Behavior of Semi-Free Ranging Lemur catta and Varecia rubra at Myakka City Lemur Reserve, Florida, USA.. Lemurs are severely threatened due to anthropogenic habitat loss and climate change. Therefore, understanding how lemurs adapt their diets to novel habitats is critically important for maintaining healthy wild populations and effectively managing captive populations. Here we present two case studies of the dietary and ranging behavior of semi-free ranging ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta; two groups) and red ruffed lemurs (Varecia rubra; two groups) at the Myakka City Lemur Reserve managed by the Lemur Conservation Foundation. We found that ring-tailed lemurs spent 64.…

Evidence: 39 • authority: 72

The Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur (Hapalemur alaotrensis), also known as the Lac Alaotra gentle lemur, Alaotran bamboo lemur, Alaotran gentle lemur, Alaotra reed lemur, or locally as the bandro, is a bamboo lemur. It is endemic to the reed beds in and around Lac Alaotra, in northeast Madagascar. It is about 40 cm (16 in) long, with a similar length tail, and is a brownish-gray colour. It is the only bamboo lemur to live in and feed on papyrus reeds, and other reeds and grasses, and some authorities argue that it should be regarded as a subspecies of the eastern lesser bamboo lemur (Hapalemur griseus). The population of this lemur has been declining because of habitat destruction and the Internat…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 92

Biased birth sex ratios of mammals and birds in zoos.. Birth sex ratio biases can amplify extinction risks, especially in small, zoo-maintained populations which is of particular concern in species under threat of extinction. Thus, understanding the drivers of such biases is critical for conservation outcomes. We analysed birth records from 129 avian and 324 mammalian species in zoos worldwide between 1980 and 2021. Using Bayesian phylogenetic models, we found a phylogenetic signal in birth sex ratios (BSR), with substantial variation across clades. Penguins, falcons, and parrots showed slightly male-biased BSRs; ungulates showed female-biased BSR, and primates male-biased BSR. Across birds…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 72

Lemurs ( LEE-mərz; from Latin lemurēs 'ghosts, spirits of the dead') are wet-nosed primates of the superfamily Lemuroidea ( LEM-yuu-ROY-dee-ə), divided into eight families and consisting of 15 genera and around 100 extant species. They are endemic to the island of Madagascar. Most existing lemurs are small, with a pointed snout, large eyes, and a long tail. They usually live in trees and are active at night. Lemurs share resemblance with other primates, but evolved independently from monkeys and apes. Due to Madagascar's highly seasonal climate, lemur evolution has produced a level of species diversity rivaling that of any other primate group. Living lemurs range in weight from the 30-gram…

Evidence: 29 • authority: 92

Untangling Sampling Bias From Lemur Dietary Specialization.. Identifying the drivers of wildlife dietary specialization is fundamental to understanding trophic interactions and species' functional roles in their environment. However, sampling bias is pervasive in trophic interaction research, especially in biodiverse areas with cryptic species. We aim to investigate the role of sampling bias in mediating the estimated effects of functional traits on dietary specialization. Specifically, we improve estimates of observed lemur dietary richness by analyzing trait-based biases in lemur-plant ecological interactions. First, we quantified undersampling of plants and their interactions with lemurs…

Evidence: 29 • authority: 92

Illegal Wildlife Trade in Kathmandu Valley: A Hub of Biodiversity Crime.. The illegal wildlife trade (IWT) poses a major driver of global biodiversity loss and poses particular challenges in biodiversity-rich countries located along international trafficking routes. Nepal occupies a strategic position between two of the world's largest consumer markets for wildlife products, India and China, making Kathmandu Valley an important urban center for wildlife trafficking. Despite its strategic importance, long-term analyses of wildlife crime patterns in Kathmandu Valley remain limited. This study examines patterns and temporal trends in IWT and describes the demographic characteristics of offende…

Evidence: 29 • authority: 72

The black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata) is an endangered species of ruffed lemur, one of two which are endemic to the island of Madagascar. Despite having a larger range than the red ruffed lemur, it has a much smaller population that is spread out, living in lower population densities and reproductively isolated. It also has less coverage and protection in large national parks than the red ruffed lemur. Three subspecies of black-and-white ruffed lemur have been recognized since the red ruffed lemur was elevated to species status in 2001. Together with the red ruffed lemur, they are the largest extant members of the family Lemuridae, ranging in length from 100 to 120 cm (39 to…

Evidence: 24 • authority: 92

Global patterns and drivers of extinction risk in island endemic terrestrial vertebrates.. Island endemic terrestrial vertebrates, shaped by long-term isolation and ecological specialization, are particularly vulnerable to extinction pressure in the Anthropocene. However, cross-taxon extinction patterns and their drivers remain poorly understood. Here, we compiled a global dataset of 31,865 terrestrial vertebrates, including more than 7500 island endemic species, to evaluate the patterns and drivers of extinction risk in island endemics, in comparison with continent endemics and dual-range species. We found that island endemics face significantly higher extinction risk than non-island endem…