fizyka: Gender-equality paradox

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

The gender-equality paradox is the counterintuitive finding that various average gender differences in personality and occupational choices are larger in countries that score higher in standard gender equality metrics. Larger differences are found in Big Five personality traits, Dark Triad traits, self-esteem, depression, personal values, occupational and educational choices. These finding are mostly derived from the statistical comparison between standard international measures of gender equality and standard psychological and economic data of gender differences. The most used standard equality indicators such as the Gender Parity Index scores a country higher in equality according to the…

Evidence: 71 • authority: 90

A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox. Some studies show that living conditions, such as economy, gender equality, and education, are associated with the magnitude of psychological sex differences. We systematically and quantitatively reviewed 54 articles and conducted new analyses on 27 meta-analyses and large-scale studies to investigate the association between living conditions and psychological sex differences. We found that sex differences in personality, verbal abilities, episodic memory, and negative emotions are more pronounced in countries with higher living conditions. In contrast, sex differences in sexual behavior, partner preferences, and math are…

Evidence: 65 • authority: 92

Simpson's gender-equality paradox.. Several cross-country examinations have found larger gender differences in Western countries. More recently, it has been argued, from an evolutionary standpoint, that equality may paradoxically increase gender differences, because it provides more freedom for men and women to pursue innate preferences. However, this paradox has primarily been examined with this cross-country methodology, opening up for other cultural differences to drive the results. For instance, measures developed in Protestant and Germanic-speaking countries, may not work the same in other cultural clusters of countries, and may not have the same statistical qualities there (e.g., in t…

Evidence: 59 • authority: 90

Can Gender Stereotypes Explain the Gender‐Equality Paradox? A Reassessment. ABSTRACT The social science literature surprisingly found that gender differences in the choice of and preference for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) study majors are larger in more gender‐equal and affluent countries. This phenomenon is known as the Gender‐Equality Paradox (GEP). Some scholars attributed GEP regarding students' mathematics intentions entirely to gender stereotypes, particularly the stereotype that “math is not for girls”. In this study, I reassess the finding that gender stereotypes can explain GEP because (a) the stereotype measure was not independently assessed from the p…

Evidence: 59 • authority: 90

Linking gender differences with gender equality: A systematic-narrative literature review of basic skills and personality. There is controversy regarding whether gender differences are smaller or larger in societies that promote gender equality highlighting the need for an integrated analysis. This review examines literature correlating, on a national level, gender differences in basic skills-mathematics, science (including attitudes and anxiety), and reading-as well as personality, to gender equality indicators. The aim is to assess the cross-national pattern of these differences when linked to measures of gender equality and explore new explanatory variables that can shed light on this li…

Evidence: 59 • authority: 90

Does Gender Equality Cause Gender Differences in Values? Reassessing the Gender-Equality-Personality Paradox. Abstract The Gender-Equality-Personality Paradox (GEPP) is the finding that gender differences in personality are at their largest in the most gender equal countries. Previous known studies have not examined this relationship over time. Examining this linkage is crucial to our understanding of gender differences and personality development. In the present study, we contrast evolutionary perspectives predicting a gender divergence in personality due to progression in gender equality against biosocial perspectives predicting convergence. Using data from all eight rounds of the Europea…

Evidence: 47 • authority: 72

Sex differences in education are a type of sex discrimination in the education system affecting both men and women during and after their educational experiences. Men are more likely to be literate on a global average, although higher literacy scores for women are prevalent in many countries. Women are more likely to achieve a tertiary education degree compared to men of the same age. Men tended to receive more education than women in the past, but the gender gap in education has reversed in recent decades in most Western countries and many non-Western countries.

Evidence: 47 • authority: 72

Gender inequality in the United States has been diminishing throughout its history and significant advancements towards equality have been made beginning mostly in the early 1900s. However, despite this progress, gender inequality in the United States continues to persist in many forms, including the disparity in men's and women's political representation and participation, occupational segregation, and the unequal distribution of household labor. The alleviation of gender inequality has been the goal of several major pieces of legislation since 1920. As of 2021, the World Economic Forum ranks the United States 30th in terms of gender equality out of 149 countries. In addition to the inequa…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 92

The nurture of nature: why physical and psychological differences between the sexes are greater in healthier, wealthier societies.. Men and women differ morphologically, physiologically, cognitively, psychologically and behaviourally, and many of these differences are getting larger. We propose a synthesis of two disparate yet related mechanisms in combination with sexual selection theory to explain this divergence of the sexes. In large part through sexual selection, males and females have evolved many trait differences, some subtle, others stark. In stressful environments (e.g. frequent nutritional shortfalls, disease risk), those differences are attenuated because in the sex where the tr…

Evidence: 36 • authority: 92

The GAB-A: Development and Validation of the Gender Stereotypes and Roles Adherence Battery for Adolescents.. Validated instruments assessing gender stereotype endorsement among adolescents are scarce and often overlook contemporary domains like digital privacy. To address this gap, this study developed and validated the Gender Stereotypes and Roles Adherence Battery for Adolescents (GAB-A) in a sample of 2955 Italian adolescents attending public secondary schools in Rome (56.4% male; mean age 14.3 years). The battery comprises three modules: the Gender Stereotyped Attitude Scale (GSAS), Gender Role Activities Scale (GRAS), and Gendered Traits Inventory (GTI). Psychometric analysis confirme…

Evidence: 36 • authority: 80

The support paradox: Overcoming dilemmas in gender equality programs. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Management. Year: 2013

Evidence: 36 • authority: 72

Sexism is prejudice or discrimination based on one's sex or gender. Sexism can affect anyone, but primarily affects women and girls. It has been linked to gender roles and stereotypes, and may include the belief that one sex or gender is intrinsically superior to another. Extreme sexism may foster sexual harassment, rape, and other forms of sexual violence. Discrimination in this context is defined as discrimination toward people based on their gender identity or their gender or sex differences. Sexism refers to violation of equal opportunities (formal equality) based on gender or refers to violation of equality of outcomes based on gender, also called substantive equality. Sexism may arise…