lotnictwo: Ice

Evidence: 51 • authority: 72

A refrigerator, commonly shortened to fridge, is a commercial and home appliance consisting of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump (mechanical, electronic, or chemical) that transfers heat from its inside to its external environment so that its inside is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room. Refrigeration is an essential food storage technique around the world. The low temperature reduces the reproduction rate of bacteria, so the refrigerator lowers the rate of spoilage. A refrigerator maintains a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water. The optimal temperature range for perishable food storage is 3 to 5 °C (37 to 41 °F). A free…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 72

Refrigeration is the artificial cooling of a space, substance, or system to lower and/or maintain its temperature below the ambient temperature. Early refrigeration used consumable coolants such as ice and dry ice (which are procured through separate means and need periodic replenishing), while modern refrigeration is a self-sustaining heat exchanger process by which thermal energy is transferred against the temperature gradient via the use of a heat-transfer working fluid (also known as refrigerant), which absorbs heat from a low-temperature medium and releases it to another higher-temperature medium, typically involving active phase change via a compressor and aided by a radiator system.…

Evidence: 44 • authority: 92

Effect of Different Pre-Treatments on Shell Peeling of Litopenaeus vannamei and Changes of Muscle Quality Under Refrigeration.. Shelling is a vital procedure in shrimp processing. This study demonstrated how different shelling methods affected shrimp muscle quality during refrigeration. Results showed that the microstructure of the frozen (F) and enzyme-treated (E) groups was damaged, while the slurry ice (SI) group remained unchanged compared to the control (CK). During storage, all groups experienced significant decreases in muscle elasticity, hardness, Ca 2+ -ATPase activity, and sulfhydryl value, along with increases in TCA-soluble peptide levels, surface hydrophobicity, TBARS, and TVB-…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

Ice storage air conditioning is a form of thermal energy storage in which cooling capacity is stored by freezing water and recovered later by melting the ice. In building applications, the storage can be charged when cooling demand or electricity prices are lower and discharged during periods of higher cooling demand, reducing the electrical load associated with daytime chiller operation. Ice is useful as a storage medium because water has a high latent heat of fusion. The latent heat of fusion of pure water is approximately 334 kJ/kg, so freezing or melting one metric tonne of water involves about 334 MJ (approximately 93 kWh) of thermal energy. The traditional ton of refrigeration is rela…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 92

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in Food Applications: Challenges, Optimization Strategies, and Emerging Supercooling Technologies.. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have gained attention as a promising delivery system for bioactive compounds due to their ability to improve stability and bioavailability of encapsulated molecules. However, their application remains limited by several challenges, including physical instability at both colloidal and crystalline levels, low loading capacity, and rapid initial release of encapsulated compounds. To address these limitations, both chemical and physical strategies have been developed. Chemical approaches primarily involve optimization of lipid and surfact…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Household food waste from a settlement perspective in Cape Town South Africa.. Food security, greenhouse gas emissions from the food supply chain, and waste disposal are three of the most pressing global challenges. Food waste impedes food security, environmental sustainability, and economic resilience, especially in rapidly urbanizing destitute settlements of the Global South, where structural vulnerabilities intensify the issue. This study examines the extent, nature, and drivers of household food waste in Wallacedene, a less privileged settlement on Cape Town’s periphery. Using a mixed-methods approach, we conducted 85 household surveys alongside a focus group discussion to explore food…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Edible evolution: the significance of food additives in shaping human health.. Human diets have transitioned through distinct stages, from foraging to agriculture, domestication, and industrialization, that progressively altered food composition, availability, and ecological context. While these shifts enhanced food security and shelf life, they also narrowed dietary diversity and layered non-nutritive components ranging from salt and fermentation by-products to synthetic dyes, preservatives, artificial flavors, and non-caloric sweeteners onto ancestral nutritional frameworks. This review traces the historical integration of such compounds, situating them within broader dietary transitions…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Milk Supply in Lebanon: Economic Challenges and the Role of Traditional Dairy Products.. Traditional dairy products remain an essential yet underutilized component of Lebanon's food system. Amid economic instability, supply chain fragility, and heavy reliance on imported dairy inputs (≈80% of demand), these products offer resilient, low-input alternatives rooted in centuries-old practices. This review analyzes key traditional Lebanese dairy products, including Labneh, Labneh-Anbaris, Akkawi, Shanklish, Halloumi, Karishi, Pressed-Brined Karishi (Lebanese Double-Cream), Qishta, and Kishk, using Codex Alimentarius and Tetra Pak classification frameworks. It examines their compositional attribu…

Evidence: — • authority: 80

Use of dry ice as innovative technology to preserve the chemical and microbial characteristics of burrata cheese

Evidence: — • authority: 65