transport: Multilingualism

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Multilingualism is the use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers. When the languages are only two, it is usually called bilingualism. It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world's population. More than half of all Europeans claim to speak at least one language other than their mother tongue, but many read and write in one language. Being multilingual is advantageous for people wanting to participate in trade, globalization and cultural openness. Owing to the ease of access to information facilitated by the Internet, individuals' exposure to multiple languages has become increasingly possible. People who…

Evidence: 67 • authority: 72

Monoglottism (Greek μόνος monos, "alone, solitary", + γλῶττα glotta, "tongue, language") or, more commonly, monolingualism or unilingualism is the condition of being able to speak only a single language, as opposed to multilingualism. In a different context, "unilingualism" may refer to a language policy which enforces an official or national language over others. Being monolingual or unilingual is also said of a text, dictionary, or conversation written or conducted in only one language, and of an entity in which a single language is either used or officially recognized (in particular when being compared with bilingual or multilingual entities or in the presence of individuals speaking dif…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 88

MULTILINGUALISM AND BILINGUALISM IN TURKIC-SPEAKING COUNTRIES: CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS. This article analyzes the phenomenon of multilingualism and bilingualism in Turkic-speaking countries, where the coexistence of national, regional, and international languages has historically developed. It examines the current challenges related to the preservation of ethno-cultural identity and integration into the global educational and communication space. Special attention is given to the sociolinguistic processes in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, and Turkey, as well as the specifics of the interaction between Turkic languages and Russian, English, and othe…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 80

Bilingualism and Self-Perception: Self-Efficacy through the Veil of Two Languages

Evidence: 51 • authority: 72

Some 130 to 195 languages are spoken in the Philippines, depending on the method of classification. Almost all are Malayo-Polynesian languages native to the archipelago. A number of Spanish-influenced creole varieties generally called Chavacano along with some local varieties of Chinese are also spoken in certain communities. Tagalog and Cebuano are the most commonly spoken native languages. The 1987 constitution designates Filipino, a standardized version of Tagalog, as the national language and an official language along with English. Filipino is regulated by Commission on the Filipino Language and serves as a lingua franca used by Filipinos of various ethnolinguistic backgrounds. Republi…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 72

Simultaneous bilingualism is a form of bilingualism that takes place when a child becomes bilingual by learning two languages from birth. According to Annick De Houwer, in an article in The Handbook of Child Language, simultaneous bilingualism takes place in "children who are regularly addressed in two spoken languages from before the age of two and who continue to be regularly addressed in those languages up until the final stages" of language development. Both languages are acquired as first languages. This is in contrast to sequential bilingualism, in which the second language is learned not as a native language but a foreign language.

Evidence: 51 • authority: 72

The official languages of Canada are English and French, which "have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the Parliament and Government of Canada," according to Canada's constitution. "Official bilingualism" (French: bilinguisme officiel) is the term used in Canada to collectively describe the policies, constitutional provisions, and laws that ensure legal equality of English and French in the Parliament and courts of Canada, protect the linguistic rights of English- and French-speaking minorities in different provinces, and ensure a level of government services in both languages across Canada. In addition to the symbolic designation of E…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Bilingualism, a subset of multilingualism, means having proficiency in two languages. A bilingual individual is traditionally defined as someone who understands and produces two languages on a regular basis. A bilingual individual's initial exposure to both languages may start in early childhood, e.g. before age 3, but exposure may also begin later in life, in monolingual or bilingual education. Equal proficiency in a bilingual individuals' languages is rarely seen as it typically varies by domain. For example, a bilingual individual may have greater proficiency for work-related terms in one language, and family-related terms in another language. Being bilingual has been linked to a number…