geografia: LSD

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Lysergic acid diethylamide, commonly known as LSD (from German Lysergsäurediethylamid) and by the nicknames acid and Lucy, is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug derived from ergot, known for its potent psychological effects. LSD taken orally has an onset of action of 0.4 to 1.0 hours and a duration of 7 to 12 hours. In recreational settings it is commonly administered via tabs of blotter paper. LSD is extremely potent, with noticeable effects at doses as low as 20 micrograms and is sometimes taken in even smaller amounts for microdosing. Despite widespread use, no fatal human overdoses have been documented. LSD is mainly used recreationally or for spiritual purposes. LSD can cause mystical ex…

Evidence: 52 • authority: 92

Low-dose lysergic acid diethylamide alters subjective visual perception but not visual contrast surround suppression.. Theoretical models and empirical evidence suggest that psychedelics alter contextual influences on perception. To test this, we examined contrast surround suppression, a visual illusion in which a grating appears lower in contrast when embedded in a high-contrast surround. While psilocybin has been reported to enhance this and related illusions at moderate-to-high doses, it is unknown whether low-dose Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) produces similar effects. In a randomized, double-blind, within-subjects crossover study, N = 30 healthy participants received placebo, 10, an…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

Adderall is the brand name of a fixed-dose combination medication used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It is also used as an athletic performance enhancer, cognitive enhancer, appetite suppressant, and recreationally as a euphoriant. Such uses are illegal in many countries. It is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the phenethylamine class. It contains the amphetamines dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate, dextroamphetamine sulfate, and amphetamine sulfate. It is taken by mouth. At therapeutic doses, Adderall causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria, change in sex drive, increased wakefulness, and imp…

Evidence: — • authority: 80

Hallucinations, Visual and Auditory

Evidence: — • authority: 80

Visual illusions and auditory hallucinations : scanning the neural correlates of perception

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as N,N-dimethyltryptamine (N,N-DMT), is a serotonergic hallucinogen and investigational drug of the tryptamine family that occurs naturally in many plants and animals. DMT is used as a psychedelic drug and prepared by various cultures for ritual purposes as an entheogen. DMT has a rapid onset, intense effects, and a relatively short duration of action. For those reasons, DMT was known as the "businessman's trip" during the 1960s in the United States, as a user could access the full depth of a psychedelic experience in considerably less time than with other substances such as LSD or psilocybin mushrooms. DMT can be inhaled or injected and its effects depe…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is a non-psychotic disorder in which a person experiences lasting or persistent visual hallucinations or perceptual distortions after using drugs such as psychedelics, dissociatives, deliriants, entactogens, and cannabinoids. Symptoms may include visual snow, trails and after images (palinopsia), light fractals on flat surfaces, intensified colors, altered motion perception, pareidolia, micropsia, and macropsia. Floaters and visual snow may occur in other conditions. For the diagnosis, other psychological, psychiatric, and neurological conditions must be ruled out, and they must cause distress in everyday life. In the DSM-5 it is diagnostic…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A hallucination is a perception in the absence of an external context stimulus that has the compelling sense of reality. They are distinguishable from several related phenomena, such as dreaming (REM sleep), which does not involve wakefulness; pseudohallucination, which does not mimic real perception, and is accurately perceived as unreal; illusion, which involves distorted or misinterpreted real perception; and mental imagery, which does not mimic real perception, and is under voluntary control. Hallucinations also differ from "delusional perceptions", in which a correctly sensed and interpreted stimulus (i.e., a real perception) is given some additional significance. Hallucinations can oc…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder in a Young Adult Case Report.. Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is a rare psychiatric diagnosis encompassing a range of perceptual disturbances caused by the lingering effects of hallucinogens. There are two major subtypes of the disorder: HPPD I and II. HPPD II is considered a more severe form that is generally longer-term, distressing, and requiring more intense treatment. In the limited available literature, many of the affected patients have multiple psychiatric comorbidities. The following case describes a 24-year-old college student, WA, who was diagnosed with HPPD II along with comorbid bipolar I disorder and generalized a…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Personalised Perception: The Effect of Personality on the Sensory Effects of Psychedelics.. Introduction Psychedelics induce a wide range of sensory distortions and hallucinations (henceforth 'distortions'). Yet, little is known about factors that influence the occurrence of certain distortions. Extra-pharmacological variables including personality traits have been found to correlate with the occurrence of different subjective features during the acute psychedelic state. The current study aimed to examine the correlations between personality scores and the intensity of different distortions. Methods Four hundred and twenty-six psychedelic users recruited from Aotearoa New Zealand completed…