jedzenie: Cruelty to animals

Evidence: 60 • authority: 88

Predator Bounties in Western Canada Cause Animal Suffering and Compromise Wildlife Conservation Efforts. Although predation bounty programs (rewards offered for capturing or killing an animal) ended more than 40 years ago in Canada, they were reintroduced in Alberta in 2007 by hunting, trapping, and farming organizations, municipalities and counties, and in 2009 in Saskatchewan, by municipal and provincial governments and the Saskatchewan Cattlemen’s Association. Bounty hunters use inhumane and non-selective killing methods such as shooting animals in non-vital regions, and killing neck snares and strychnine poisoning, which cause suffering and delayed deaths. They are unselective, and kill…

Evidence: 50 • authority: 72

The history of animal rights traces evolving attitudes toward the moral and legal status of nonhuman animals. Across cultures and time periods, individuals and movements have questioned the ethical legitimacy of using animals for food, labor, entertainment, and experimentation. While some traditions have emphasized human dominion over animals, others have advocated for compassion, restraint, and protection from harm. In ancient India, the principle of ahimsa, non-violence toward all living beings, was central to Jainism, Buddhism, and Hinduism, encouraging vegetarianism and opposition to animal sacrifice. Similar ideals appeared in ancient China and Japan, where religious teachings and impe…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 88

Forensic Use of the Five Domains Model for Assessing Suffering in Cases of Animal Cruelty. Conceptual frameworks for understanding animal welfare scientifically are widely influential. An early “biological functioning” framework still influences expert opinions prepared for Courts hearing animal cruelty cases, despite deficiencies in it being revealed by the later emergence and wide scientific adoption of an “affective state” framework. According to “biological functioning” precepts, indices of negative welfare states should predominantly be physical and/or clinical and any that refer to animals’ supposed subjective experiences, i.e., their “affective states”, should be excluded. However, “…

Evidence: 39 • authority: 92

Animal Welfare Certification Schemes in a Knowledge Society: A Fair Transition from Inputs to Outputs as a Driver of Animal Empowerment.. Although concern for animal welfare may have been linked to humans since the domestication of livestock, the term itself first appeared in the United Kingdom in the 1960s. The emergence of the concept of animal welfare occurred in a society undergoing a clear transition from patriarchal to emancipatory values based on the concept of freedom. However, coinciding with the recognition of animals as sentient beings in the EU and the emergence of concepts such as a "Life Worth Living", the Five Freedoms were complemented. In fact, the values of a knowledge soc…

Evidence: 39 • authority: 72

Experiments involving non-human primates (NHPs) include toxicity testing for medical and non-medical substances; studies of infectious disease, such as HIV and hepatitis; neurological studies; behavior and cognition; reproduction; genetics; and xenotransplantation. Around 65,000 NHPs are used every year in the United States, and around 7,000 across the European Union. Most are purpose-bred, while some are caught in the wild. Their use is controversial. According to the Nuffield Council on Bioethics, NHPs are used because their brains share structural and functional features with human brains, but "while this similarity has scientific advantages, it poses some difficult ethical problems, bec…

Evidence: 39 • authority: 72

Cosmetic testing on animals is a type of animal testing used to test the safety and hypoallergenic properties of cosmetic products for use by humans. Since this type of animal testing is often harmful to the animal subjects, it is opposed by animal rights activists and others. Cosmetic animal testing is banned in many parts of the world, including Colombia, the European Union, the United Kingdom, India, and Norway. Cosmetics that have been produced without any testing on animals are sometimes known as "cruelty-free cosmetics". Some popular cruelty-free beauty brands include E.L.F., Charlotte Tilbury, Farsali, Fenty Beauty, Fenty Skin, Glow Recipe and others. The website "Cruelty-Free Kitty"…

Evidence: 39 • authority: 72

Cruelty to animals, also called animal abuse, animal neglect or animal cruelty, is the infliction of suffering or harm by humans upon animals, either by omission (neglect) or by commission. More narrowly, it can be the causing of harm or suffering for specific achievements, such as the inhumane killing of animals for food or the killing of animals for entertainment; cruelty to animals is sometimes due to a mental disorder, referred to as zoosadism. Divergent approaches to laws concerning animal cruelty occur in different jurisdictions throughout the world. For example, some laws govern methods of killing animals for food, clothing, or other products, and other laws concern the keeping of an…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 80

The 1876 Cruelty to Animals Act: Protection for Animals or Animal Researchers?

Evidence: 34 • authority: 92

An Update on Australian Policy around Lamb Marking with Examination of Potential Drivers. Comment on Johnston et al. How Well Does Australian Animal Welfare Policy Reflect Scientific Evidence: A Case Study Approach Based on Lamb Marking. <i>Animals</i> 2023, <i>13</i>, 1358.. This commentary provides an update and clarification on the legislative landscape surrounding mulesing in Australia since the publication of the 2023 study, "How Well Does Australian Animal Welfare Policy Reflect Scientific Evidence: A Case Study Approach Based on Lamb Marking". The article explores legislative changes mandating the use of pain relief for mulesing in various states, emphasising Victoria's original role…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 72

The history of animal testing goes back to the writings of the Ancient Greeks in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, with Aristotle (384–322 BCE) and Erasistratus (304–258 BCE) one of the first documented to perform experiments on nonhuman animals. Galen, a physician in 2nd-century Rome, dissected pigs and goats, and is known as the "Father of Vivisection." Avenzoar, an Arabic physician in 12th-century Moorish Spain who also practiced dissection, introduced animal testing as an experimental method of testing surgical procedures before applying them to human patients. Although the exact purpose of the procedure was unclear, the Neolithic surgeon performed trepanation on a cow in 3400-3000 BCE. Th…