rekiny-i-płaszczki: Lamprey

Evidence: 48 • authority: 88

The betaine‐dependent remethylation pathway is a homocysteine metabolism pathway associated with the carnivorous feeding habits of spiders. Abstract Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur‐containing amino acid derived from the essential amino acid methionine (Met). Circulating levels of Hcy in animals can be increased by feeding on Met‐enriched diets, which is generally considered harmful. Spiders are one of the largest groups of obligate carnivores and feed on animals high in protein and Met. We analyzed the Hcy metabolism pathways in 18 species of 3 taxa (Mammalia, Insecta, and Arachnida) and found that the betaine‐dependent remethylation pathway (BRP) was present in all carnivorous arachnid spec…

Evidence: 36 • authority: 72

Hematophagy (sometimes spelled haematophagy or hematophagia) is the practice by certain animals of feeding on blood (from the Greek words αἷμα haima "blood" and φαγεῖν phagein "to eat"). Since blood is a fluid tissue rich in nutritious proteins and lipids that can be taken without great effort, hematophagy is a preferred form of feeding for many small animals, such as worms and arthropods. Some intestinal nematodes, such as Ancylostomatids, feed on blood extracted from the capillaries of the gut, and about 75 percent of all species of leeches (e.g., Hirudo medicinalis) are hematophagous. The spider Evarcha culicivora feeds indirectly on vertebrate blood by specializing on blood-filled femal…

Evidence: 30 • authority: 72

Tunicates are marine invertebrates belonging to the subphylum Tunicata ( TEW-nih-KAY-tə). This grouping is part of the Chordata, a phylum which includes all animals with dorsal nerve cords and notochords (including vertebrates). The subphylum was at one time called Urochordata, and the term urochordates is still sometimes used for these animals. Despite their simple appearance and very different adult form, their close relationship to the vertebrates is certain. Both groups are chordates, as evidenced by the fact that during their mobile larval stage, tunicates possess a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail, and an endostyle. They resemble a tadpole. Tunic…

Evidence: 30 • authority: 72

Coral reef fish are marine fish which live amongst or in close relation to coral reefs. Coral reefs form complex ecosystems with a high amount of biodiversity. Among the multitude of inhabitants, the fish stand out as colourful and interesting to watch. Hundreds of species can exist in a small area of a healthy reef, many of them hidden or well camouflaged. Reef fish have developed many specialisations adapted to survival on the reefs. Coral reefs occupy less than 1% of the surface area of the world oceans, but provide a home for 25% of all marine fish species. Reef habitats are a sharp contrast to the open water habitats that make up the other 99% of the world oceans. However, loss and deg…

Evidence: 25 • authority: 88

Feeding Morphology Supports Carnivorous Habits in Algansea lacustris: A Multitrait Approach. Accurate classification of fish trophic strategies based solely on gut contents can be misleading, especially when plant material is ingested incidentally during predatory benthic foraging. The Pátzcuaro chub (Algansea lacustris) is a critically endangered cyprinid endemic to Central Mexico. It has historically been described as omnivorous with a tendency toward algivory, despite limited anatomical evidence. In this study, integrated anatomical, morphometric, and functional approaches were used to reassess the feeding strategy of A. lacustris and inform conservation-oriented aquaculture. Double-stai…

Evidence: 20 • authority: 92

Genome-wide identification, expression analysis of taars (trace amine-associated receptors) and response to cadaverine and putrescine in Mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi).. Background The unique feeding behavior of Siniperca chuatsi (S. chuatsi), which exclusively consumes live fry and rejects dead fry, severely limits the development of its aquaculture industry. This rejection of dead fry likely stems from an aversion to necromones (death-associated odors). Although a subset of trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) containing key conserved residues (Asp 3.32 and/or Asp 5.42 ) are implicated in detecting amine-related odors, the taar gene members in S. chuatsi and their responsiveness to…

Evidence: 20 • authority: 72

Pelagic fish live in the pelagic zone of ocean or lake waters—being neither close to the bottom nor near the shore—in contrast with demersal fish that live on or near the bottom, and reef fish that are associated with coral reefs. The marine pelagic environment is the largest aquatic habitat on Earth, occupying 1,370 million cubic kilometres (330 million cubic miles), and is the habitat for 11% of known fish species. The oceans have a mean depth of 4,000 metres (2.5 miles). About 98% of the total water volume is below 100 metres (330 ft), and 75% is below 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). Marine pelagic fish can be divided into coastal (inshore) fish and oceanic (offshore) fish. Coastal pelagic fish…

Evidence: — • authority: 65