transport: Subwoofer

Evidence: 97 • authority: 72

A subwoofer (or sub) is a loudspeaker designed to reproduce low-pitched audio frequencies, known as bass and sub-bass, that are lower in frequency than those which can be (optimally) generated by a woofer. The typical frequency range that is covered by a subwoofer is about 20–200 Hz for consumer products, below 100 Hz for professional live sound, and below 80 Hz in THX-certified systems. Thus, one or more subwoofers are important for high-quality sound reproduction as they are responsible for the lowest two to three octaves of the ten octaves that are audible. This very low-frequency (VLF) range reproduces the natural fundamental tones of the bass drum, electric bass, double bass, grand pia…

Evidence: 63 • authority: 88

Evaluating on the spatial localization cues of binaural sound pressure recorded via behind-the-ear microphones in a hearing aid. Spatial hearing ability enables people with normal hearing to localize a sound source and utilizes the cocktail party effect to detect the target speech information in a noise environment. Hearing-impairment causes not only hearing loss but also the degradation of spatial auditory ability. Hearing aid is desired to improve the spatial auditory ability of some hearing-impaired people, in addition to compensating hearing loss. However, the microphones for conventional behind-the-ear (BTE) hearing aid are located behind the pinnae rather than in the entrances of ear…

Evidence: 40 • authority: 80

How Much Fortune Is Able to Do In Human Things, and by What Means She May be Opposed

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Temporal cues in monaural and binaural detection and discrimination.. The auditory system can extract temporal information from complex stimuli to perform a variety of detection and discrimination tasks. At low stimulus frequencies, the auditory system may encode stimulus fine structure and temporal envelope. At higher frequencies, the coding of fine structure diminishes as phase locking deteriorates, while the coding of the temporal envelope remains. The present study investigated the relative contributions of interaural differences in stimulus envelope and fine structure to the masking level difference (MLD). NoSo and NoS thresholds were measured at stimulus frequencies of 500 and 4000 Hz…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Monaural and binaural cues to signal detection. When a signal is added to random noise in the NoSπ configuration it has two effects on the stimulus at the signal frequency: the correlation is reduced and the energy is increased. Both changes may contribute to the detection and discrimination of signals. A signal-level discrimination task (2I-FC) was used to measure the strength of each cue and their combination across a wide range of signal-to-noise ratios (−20–0 dB). The signal was a band of noise (462–539 Hz). The masker was a broadband noise (10–3000 Hz) of fixed sound level. Conditions were NoSπ, NoSo, and correlation manipulation within the target band equivalent to NoSπ. At low signal…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Binaural Sound Event Localization and Detection based on HRTF Cues for Humanoid Robots. Humanoid robots must identify the type and direction of sound events to perceive their acoustic surroundings. With human-like horizontal two-channel input, however, elevation estimation is difficult and front-back confusion occurs in azimuth. Recent stereo sound event localization and detection (SELD) methods avoid these challenges by restricting localization to frontal azimuths and omitting elevation. This leaves joint detection and full-sphere localization from two channels largely unresolved. We propose binaural SELD (BiSELD), which estimates each event's class, azimuth, and elevation by learning…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Auditory-inspired binaural speech enhancement using vision transformer with binaural cues. Binaural speech enhancement plays a critical role in modern audio technologies, including hearing aids, augmented reality systems, and intelligent acoustic interfaces, where the objective extends beyond noise suppression to preserving spatial cues essential for natural auditory perception. Real-world acoustic environments often contain highly non-stationary noise and reverberation, posing substantial challenges for both classical signal processing methods and contemporary neural network approaches, frequently resulting in distortions of interaural time difference (ITD), its frequency-domain counterpar…