język: Blackfoot language

Evidence: 62 • authority: 72

American Indian boarding schools, also known more recently as American Indian residential schools, were established in the United States from the mid-17th to the early 20th centuries with a main primary objective of "civilizing" or assimilating Native American children and youth into Anglo-American culture. In the process, these schools denigrated American Indian culture and made children give up their languages and religion. At the same time the schools provided a basic Western education. These boarding schools were first established by Christian missionaries of various denominations. The missionaries were often approved by the federal government of the United States to start both missions…

Evidence: 62 • authority: 72

Throughout the history of Canada, the Canadian government, its colonial predecessors, and European settlers perpetrated systematic violence against Indigenous peoples that increasingly has been described as genocide, and cultural genocide. The treatment has also been described as ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. These collective actions included forced displacement, land dispossession, medical segregation, deliberate starvation policies, nutrition experiments, physical violence, and compulsory cultural assimilation programs. Canada is a settler-colonial nation whose initial economy relied on farming and exporting natural resources like fur, fish, and lumber. European Canadians…

Evidence: 56 • authority: 88

Canada and the Legacy of the Indian Residential Schools: Transitional Justice for Indigenous Peoples in a Non-Transitional Society. The framework of transitional justice, originally devised to facilitate reconciliation in countries undergoing transitions from authoritarianism to democracy, is used with increasing frequency to respond to certain types of human rights violations against indigenous peoples. In some cases, transitional justice measures are employed in societies not undergoing regime transition. This paper outlines some of the potential complexities involved in processing indigenous demands for justice through a transitional justice framework. First, governments and indigenous p…

Evidence: 56 • authority: 72

The Canadian Indian residential school system was a network of boarding schools for Indigenous peoples funded by the Canadian government's Department of Indian Affairs and administered by various Christian churches from the 19th to mid-20th century. The school system was created as a civilizing mission to isolate Indigenous children from the influence of their own culture and religion in order to assimilate them into the dominant Euro-Canadian culture. The system began with laws before Confederation and was mainly active after the Indian Act was passed in 1876. Attendance at these schools became compulsory in 1894, and many schools were located far from Indigenous communities, in part to li…

Evidence: 49 • authority: 72

The Indian Act (French: Loi sur les Indiens) is a Canadian Act of Parliament that concerns registered Indians, their bands, and the system of Indian reserves. First passed in 1876 and still in force with amendments, it is the primary document that defines how the Government of Canada interacts with the 614 First Nation bands in Canada and their members. Throughout its long history, the act has been a subject of controversy and has been interpreted in different ways by both Indigenous Canadians and non-Indigenous Canadians. The legislation has been amended many times, including "over five major changes" made in 2002. The act is very wide-ranging in scope, covering governance, land use, healt…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 80

Pope’s long-awaited apology for Indian Residential Schools in Canada is a ‘first step’

Evidence: 43 • authority: 72

Settler colonialism in Canada refers to the process and effects of colonization on the Indigenous peoples of Canada. As colonization progressed, Indigenous peoples were subject to policies of forced assimilation and cultural genocide. Governments in Canada in many cases ignored or chose to deny the aboriginal title of First Nations. The traditional governance of many of the First Nations was replaced with government-imposed structures. Many Indigenous cultural practices were banned. The relationship between Aboriginal Canadians and the Crown has been heavily defined by the effects of settler colonialism and Indigenous resistance. Canadian courts and recent governments have recognized and el…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 72

First Nations (French: Premières Nations) is a term used to identify Indigenous peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis. Traditionally, First Nations in Canada were peoples who lived south of the tree line, and mainly south of the Arctic Circle. There are 634 recognized First Nations governments or bands across Canada. Roughly half are located in the provinces of Ontario and British Columbia. Under federal employment equity law, First Nations are a "designated group", along with women, visible minorities, and people with physical or mental disabilities. First Nations are not included in the Statistics Canada visible minority category, as there is a separate category for First Nati…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 72

The most commonly used language in the United States is English (specifically the American English set of varieties), which is the national language and official language. While the U.S. Congress has never declared a statutory official language, the federal government primarily uses English and a 2025 executive order declared English official. In addition, 32 U.S. states out of 50 and all five U.S. territories have laws that recognize English as an official language. Of these, three states and most territories have adopted English plus one or more other official languages. Overall, 430 languages are spoken or signed by the population, of which 177 are indigenous to the U.S. or its territori…

Evidence: 37 • authority: 80

Introduction: Can Schools Save Indigenous Languages? Policy and Practice on Four Continents

Evidence: 37 • authority: 80

Erasing a People: Indigenous People and Indigenous Residential Schools

Evidence: 37 • authority: 72

The Amos Indian Residential School was a Canadian residential school in Quebec, Canada. The school was for Anicinapek and Atikamekw Nehirowisiw children, and operated from 1955 to 1973. It was created by the Canadian federal government and run by the Catholic Church. The school was built in the municipality of Saint-Marc-de-Figuery on the traditional territory of the Anicinape Nation. All buildings associated with the school have since been demolished.