starożytność: History of chemistry

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present. By 1000 BC, civilizations used technologies that would eventually form the basis of the various branches of chemistry. Examples include the discovery of fire, extracting metals from ores, making pottery and glazes, fermenting beer and wine, extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume, rendering fat into soap, making glass, and making alloys like bronze. The protoscience of chemistry, alchemy, was unsuccessful in explaining the nature of matter and its transformations. However, by performing experiments and recording the results, alchemists set the stage for modern chemistry. The history of che…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 80

<i>The Alchemists: Founders of Modern Chemistry</i>. F. Sherwood Taylor

Evidence: 43 • authority: 80

The Alchemists: Founders of Modern Chemistry

Evidence: — • authority: 80

Fig. 4. Performing of computer axiography of the patient M.: b) Results of the mandible protrusion movement recording

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Boyle, Glauber, and Newton: The Redintegration Experiment with Saltpeter.. In 1661, Robert Boyle published his Essay on Nitre . In this famous essay, the author of The Sceptical Chymist (1661) introduces and promotes his new Corpuscular Philosophy. Central to this paper was the so-called redintegration or reconstitution experiment with saltpeter. However, this article shows that Boyle borrowed this experiment from Johann Rudolph Glauber, who had given it an alchemical interpretation. By contrast, opening the way to modern chemistry, Boyle gave it a new interpretation within the conceptual framework of his own Mechanical Philosophy. The redintegration experiment is not only important for the…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

"Rusticall chymistry": Alchemy, saltpeter projects, and experimental fertilizers in seventeenth-century English agriculture.. As the primary ingredient in gunpowder, saltpeter was an extraordinarily important commodity in the early modern world. Historians of science and technology have long studied its military applications but have rarely focused on its uses outside of warfare. Due to its potential effectiveness as a fertilizer, saltpeter was also an integral component of experimental agricultural reform movements in the early modern period and particularly in seventeenth-century England. This became possible for several reasons: the creation of a thriving domestic saltpeter production in…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Exploring the ancient chemistry of mercury.. This paper explores the chemistry of mercury as described in ancient alchemical literature. Alchemy's focus on the knowledge and manipulation of natural substances is not so different from modern chemistry's purposes. The great divide between the two is marked by the way of conceptualizing and recording their practices. Our interdisciplinary research group, composed of chemists and historians of science, has set off to explore the cold and hot extraction of mercury from cinnabar. The ancient written records have been perused in order to devise laboratory experiments that could shed light on the material reality behind the alchemical narratives an…