energia: Electromagnetic pulse

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

An electromagnetic pulse (EMP), also referred to as a transient electromagnetic disturbance (TED), is a brief burst of electromagnetic energy. The origin of an EMP can be natural or artificial, and can occur as an electromagnetic field, as a magnetic field, or as a conducted electric current. The electromagnetic interference caused by an EMP can disrupt communications and damage electronic equipment. An EMP such as a lightning strike can physically damage objects such as buildings and aircraft. The management of EMP effects is a branch of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) engineering. The solar storm of August 1859, known as the Carrington Event, is historically significant as the first m…

Evidence: 57 • authority: 88

Observations of Low Latitude Red Aurora in Mexico During the 1859 Carrington Geomagnetic Storm. On 1 September 1859, occurred one of the most intense geomagnetic storm that has been documented in recent history. This storm is known as the Carrington Event. On the morning September 1st at around 11:15 UT, Richard Carrington and Richard Hodgson observed in England, independently and for the first time, an intense white light solar flare. About 17 hours after this solar event, occurred the strongest geomagnetic perturbation ever recorded as well as a greatly extended red aurora, which covered unusually low latitudes. The red auroral display on September 2nd was reported in regions where this k…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 88

The First Intense Geomagnetic Storm Event Recorded by the China Seismo‐Electromagnetic Satellite. Abstract On 25 August 2018, the China Seismo‐Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) encountered the first intense geomagnetic storm event since its launch on 2 February 2018. The main purpose of this work is to check in‐flight performance of the assembled payloads onboard CSES, as well as to investigate the ionosphere perturbations induced by this geomagnetic storm. The study shows that all investigated parameters simultaneously respond to the different phases of the geomagnetic storm, verifying the measuring capabilities of the assembled payloads onboard CSES. Specifically, the magnetic field obtain…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 88

A new deep-learning approach to infer solar and geomagnetic parameters for the 1859 Carrington event. In this study, we investigate the solar and geomagnetic parameters of the 1859 Carrington event using deep learning and empirical relationships. For this, we apply an image translation model, a popular deep learning method based on conditional Generative Adversarial Networks, to the generation of magnetograms from sunspot drawings. We train the model using pairs of sunspot data from Debrecen Photoheliographic Data and their corresponding Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Michelson Doppler Imager (SOHO/MDI) and Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (SDO/HMI) magnetogra…

Evidence: 37 • authority: 88

Auroras during extreme geomagnetic storms: Visual observations of the SAR arc in Irkutsk during the 1859 Carrington event. The paper analyzes the description in chronicles of the September 2, 1859 auroras observed in Irkutsk during the Carrington event. The description of the red arc by an eyewitness, the analysis of geomagnetic conditions, publications on visual observations of auroras of various forms at middle and low latitudes during this period, modern instrumental observations of SAR arcs at the latitude of Irkutsk have allowed us to assume that the red arc described in the chronicles is a SAR arc — one of the auroral types at subauroral and middle latitudes observed during geomagneti…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Auroras during extreme geomagnetic storms: Visual observations of the SAR arc in Irkutsk during the 1859 Carrington event. The paper analyzes the description in chronicles of the September 2, 1859 auroras observed in Irkutsk during the Carrington event. The description of the red arc by an eyewitness, the analysis of geomagnetic conditions, publications on visual observations of auroras of various forms at middle and low latitudes during this period, modern instrumental observations of SAR arcs at the latitude of Irkutsk have allowed us to assume that the red arc described in the chronicles is a SAR arc — one of the auroral types at subauroral and middle latitudes observed during geomagneti…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Historical geomagnetic observations from the Netherlands during the Carrington event (1859). The Carrington event of September 1859 is the best known example of an extreme geomagnetic storm, often cited when discussing space weather risks for modern infrastructure. Historic observations including auroral sightings, magnetometer records and anecdotes of impacts on telegraph systems have been widely shared before, but none of these have included observations from the Netherlands. Geomagnetic observations taken in Utrecht and Den Helder during the Carrington event were digitised from the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute’s (KNMI) yearbook of 1859, and compared to much more detailed ma…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A coronal mass ejection (CME) is a significant ejection of plasma mass from the Sun's corona into the heliosphere. CMEs are often associated with solar flares and other forms of solar activity, but a broadly accepted theoretical understanding of these relationships has not been established. If a CME enters interplanetary space, it is sometimes referred to as an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME). ICMEs are capable of reaching and colliding with Earth's magnetosphere, where they can cause geomagnetic storms, aurorae, and in rare cases damage to electrical power grids. The largest recorded geomagnetic perturbation, resulting presumably from a CME, was the solar storm of 1859. Also kn…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The three-day May 1921 geomagnetic storm, also known as the New York Railroad Storm, was caused by the impact of an extraordinarily powerful coronal mass ejection on Earth's magnetosphere. It occurred on 13–15 May as part of solar cycle 15, and was the most intense geomagnetic storm of the 20th century. Since it occurred before the extensive interconnectivity of electrical systems and the general electrical dependence of infrastructure in the developed world, its effect was restricted; however, its ground currents were up to an order of magnitude greater than those of the March 1989 geomagnetic storm which interrupted electrical service to large parts of northeastern North America.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A geomagnetic storm, also known as a magnetic storm, is a temporary disturbance of the Earth's magnetosphere that is driven by interactions between the magnetosphere and large-scale transient plasma and magnetic field structures that originate on or near the Sun. The structures that produce geomagnetic storms include interplanetary coronal mass ejections (CME) and corotating interaction regions (CIR). The former often originate from solar active regions, while the latter originate at the boundary between high- and low-speed streams of solar wind. The frequency of geomagnetic storms increases and decreases with the sunspot cycle. During solar maxima, geomagnetic storms occur more often, with…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Carrington Event was the most intense geomagnetic storm in recorded history, peaking on 1–2 September 1859 during solar cycle 10. It created strong auroral displays that were reported globally and caused sparking and even fires in telegraph stations. The geomagnetic storm was most likely the result of a coronal mass ejection (CME) from the Sun colliding with Earth's magnetosphere. The geomagnetic storm was associated with a very bright solar flare on 1 September 1859. It was observed and recorded independently by British astronomers Richard Carrington and Richard Hodgson—the first records of a solar flare. A geomagnetic storm of this magnitude occurring today has the potential to cause…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Global impacts of an extreme solar particle event under different geomagnetic field strengths.. Solar particle events (SPEs) are short-lived bursts of high-energy particles from the solar atmosphere and are widely recognized as posing significant economic risks to modern society. Most SPEs are relatively weak and have minor impacts on the Earth's environment, but historic records contain much stronger SPEs which have the potential to alter atmospheric chemistry, impacting climate and biological life. The impacts of such strong SPEs would be far more severe when the Earth's protective geomagnetic field is weak, such as during past geomagnetic excursions or reversals. Here, we model the impac…