nauka: Bell's theorem

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Bell's theorem is a term encompassing a number of closely related results in physics, all of which determine that quantum mechanics is incompatible with local hidden-variable theories, given some basic assumptions about the nature of measurement. The first such result was introduced by John Stewart Bell in 1964, building upon the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox, which had called attention to the phenomenon of quantum entanglement. In the context of Bell's theorem, "local" refers to the principle of locality, the idea that a particle can only be influenced by its immediate surroundings, and that interactions mediated by physical fields cannot propagate faster than the speed of light. "Hidden…

Evidence: 40 • authority: 72

The Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paradox is a thought experiment proposed by physicists Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen, which argues that the description of physical reality provided by quantum mechanics is incomplete. In a 1935 paper titled "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete?", they argued for the existence of "elements of reality" that were not part of quantum theory, and speculated that it should be possible to construct a theory containing these hidden variables. Resolutions of the paradox have important implications for the interpretation of quantum mechanics. The thought experiment involves a pair of particles prepared in…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 72

A Bell test, also known as Bell inequality test or Bell experiment, is a real-world physics experiment designed to test the theory of quantum mechanics in relation to Albert Einstein's concept of local realism. Named for John Stewart Bell, the experiments test whether or not the real world satisfies local realism, which requires the presence of some additional local variables (called "hidden" because they are not a feature of quantum theory) to explain the behavior of particles like photons and electrons. The test empirically evaluates the implications of Bell's theorem. As of 2015, all Bell tests have found that the hypothesis of local hidden variables is inconsistent with the way that phy…

Evidence: 29 • authority: 92

"QE = LIFE": The 20-Watt Paradox and the Gödelian Limitation of Biological Quantum Coherence.. The human brain operates at an estimated power consumption of merely 20 Watts while performing massively parallel biological computations, a thermodynamic efficiency that classical silicon-based computers and standard non-relativistic quantum mechanics (for example, Schrödinger-based localized molecular states subject to rapid thermal decoherence) fail to explain. This paper presents a foundational hypothesis: living systems sustain macro-scale quantum coherence and quantum entanglement (QE) in wet physiological environments (e.g., ~37°C aqueous cellular conditions) through non-Abelian Yang-Mills…

Evidence: 23 • authority: 69

On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen paradox | Physics Physique Fizika On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen paradox A. Einstein, N. Rosen and B. Podolsky, Phys. Rev. 47 , (1935); see also N. Bohr, Ibid. 48 , (1935), W. H. Furry, Ibid. 49 , and (1936), and D. R. Inglis, Rev. Mod. Phys. 33 , (1961).

Evidence: 23 • authority: 92

The Method of Everything vs. Experimenter Bias of Loophole-Free Bell Experiments.. Experimenter bias compromises the integrity and advancement of science, especially when awarded as such. For example, the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded for the loophole-free experiments that tested physicist John S. Bell's inequality theorem. These experiments employed the logic of conducting local experiments to obtain local evidence that contradicted local realistic theories of nature, thereby validating quantum mechanics as a fundamental non-local theory. However, there was one loophole that was wittingly not tested by the Nobel laureates. The notable exception was Bell's "super-deterministic" loopho…

Evidence: 23 • authority: 92

All pure multipartite entangled states of qubits can be self-tested.. Device-independent self-testing refers to the certification of quantum states based entirely on the correlations exhibited by measurements on separate subsystems. The fact that such a certification is possible at all is remarkable in its own right, and is intimately connected to the violation Bell's inequalities by entangled quantum systems. In the bipartite case, it is known that, for every pure entangled bipartite state, there exists a device-independent self-testing protocol. Despite the growing interest in self-testing, an analogous universal result in the multipartite setting has remained elusive. In this work, we pr…

Evidence: 23 • authority: 80

ON THE EINSTEIN PODOLSKY ROSEN PARADOX

Evidence: 23 • authority: 88

Uma reconstrução didática da apresentação original do Teorema de Bell: Sobre o Paradoxo de Einstein, Podolsky e Rosen. A desigualdade de Bell, foi uma das discussões que mais gerou controvérsias em torno dos fundamentos da Teoria Quântica, pois envolvia aspectos físico-matemáticos e, também, discussões filosóficas sobre a realidade. O intuito do presente artigo é elaborar uma abordagem didática para a apresentação do Teorema de Bell e suas implicações para o desenvolvimento da Teoria Quântica. Para isso, a proposta é apresentar o material de forma a facilitar seu uso em contexto pedagógico, apresentando inicialmente um exemplo mais concreto do que seria o Teorema de Bell, o experimento (sen…

Evidence: 23 • authority: 80

On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen paradox

Evidence: 23 • authority: 80

ON THE EINSTEIN PODOLSKY ROSEN PARADOX

Evidence: 23 • authority: 72

A hallmark of Albert Einstein's career was his use of visualized thought experiments (German: Gedankenexperiment) as a fundamental tool for understanding physical issues and for elucidating his concepts to others. Einstein's thought experiments took diverse forms. In his youth, he mentally chased beams of light. For special relativity, he employed moving trains and flashes of lightning to explain his theory. For general relativity, he considered a person falling off a roof, accelerating elevators, blind beetles crawling on curved surfaces and the like. In his debates with Niels Bohr on the nature of reality, he proposed imaginary devices that attempted to show, at least in concept, how the…