energia: Corrosion

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Corrosion is a natural process that converts a refined metal into a more chemically stable oxide. It is the gradual deterioration of materials (usually a metal) by chemical or electrochemical reaction with their environment. Corrosion engineering is the field dedicated to controlling and preventing corrosion. In the most common use of the word, this means electrochemical oxidation of a metal reacting with an oxidant such as oxygen (O2, gaseous or dissolved), or H3O+ ions ( H+, hydrated protons) present in aqueous solution. Rusting, the formation of red-orange iron oxides, is perhaps the most familiar example of electrochemical corrosion. This type of corrosion typically produces oxides or s…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 80

Corrosion of metals and degradation of materials

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

Capacitors are manufactured in many styles, forms, dimensions, and from a large variety of materials. They all contain at least two electrical conductors, called plates, separated by an insulating layer (dielectric). Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Capacitors, together with resistors and inductors, belong to the group of passive components in electronic equipment. Small capacitors are used in electronic devices to couple signals between stages of amplifiers, as components of electric filters and tuned circuits, or as parts of power supply systems to smooth rectified current. Larger capacitors are used for energy storage in such a…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bound together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid. It is the second-most-used substance (after water), the most widely used building material, and the most-manufactured material in the world. Cement-bound concrete differs from the less rigid, less durable asphaltic concrete, which has a bituminous binder. When aggregate is mixed with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a fluid slurry that can be poured and molded into shape. The cement reacts with the water through a process called hydration, which hardens it after several hours to form a solid matrix that binds the materials together into a durable stone-like materi…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

Glass (UK: , US: ) is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid. Because it is often transparent and chemically inert, glass has found widespread practical, technological, and decorative use in window panes, tableware, and optics. Some common objects made of glass are named after the material, e.g., a "glass" for drinking, "glasses" for vision correction, and a "magnifying glass". Glass is most often formed by rapid cooling (quenching) of the molten form. Some glasses such as volcanic glass are naturally occurring, and obsidian has been used to make arrowheads and knives since the Stone Age. Archaeological evidence suggests glassmaking dates back to at least 3600 BC in Mesopotamia, Egypt, or Syr…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 88

Case Histories Where Corrosion Resistant Non-Metals Worked More Effectively than Metals or Portland Cement Concrete. Applications of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics (FRP) in chemical processing plants have seen slow but steady growth over the last 5 to 10 years. This growth has been quite remarkable considering the diverse differences between plastics and the metals they replace. There has also been a noticeable lack of standards for the industry. It is perhaps even more remarkable considering the end use was chemical process equipment with all the inherent considerations of safety, pressure, temperature, hazardous chemicals, and corrosion that must be factored into material selections for t…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

Fracture mechanics is the field of mechanics concerned with the study of the propagation of cracks in materials. It uses methods of analytical solid mechanics to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental solid mechanics to characterize the material's resistance to fracture. Theoretically, the stress ahead of a sharp crack tip becomes infinite and cannot be used to describe the state around a crack. Fracture mechanics is used to characterise the loads on a crack, typically using a single parameter to describe the complete loading state at the crack tip. A number of different parameters have been developed. When the plastic zone at the tip of the crack is small relative…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Exceptional irradiation and corrosion resistances of a TaC nanoceramic coating deposited onto ZIRLO™ fuel cladding.. Improving the accident tolerance of zirconium-based nuclear fuel claddings is essential to mitigate oxidation-driven hydrogen generation under loss-of-coolant conditions. Here, a nanostructured tantalum carbide (TaC) ceramic coating is deposited onto ZIRLO™ fuel cladding by non-reactive DC magnetron sputtering. The coating was systematically assessed with respect to its microstructural stability, irradiation tolerance, and corrosion behaviour. Characterisation of as-deposited coating confirms a dense, nanocrystalline B1-type TaC structure with excellent adhesion and negligibl…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Hydrophobic and Superhydrophobic Coatings: Materials, Fabrication Strategies, and Durability Challenges.. Hydrophobic and superhydrophobic coatings have attracted considerable attention due to their ability to provide water repellency, self-cleaning, anti-corrosion, anti-icing, and anti-fouling properties, making them promising for a wide range of industrial applications. This review summarizes recent advances in the development of hydrophobic and superhydrophobic coatings, with particular emphasis on wetting mechanisms, material selection, coating formation approaches, durability issues, commercial implementation, and environmental aspects. The analysis examines the principal classes of ma…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Microjoining for biomedical device fabrication: a perspective.. Microjoining plays a pivotal role in the fabrication of advanced biomedical devices. The ongoing drive toward miniaturization, multifunctional integration, and high reliability in medical implants and interventional systems further necessitates precise and robust joining of diverse materials via various joining methods at the microscale. This perspective provides a concise overview of recent advances in microjoining technologies for biomedical device applications. Through representative case studies on materials for joining, joining methods, and resultant joint properties, we elucidate the fundamental concepts and governing mec…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Synchronizing degradation with regeneration: a model-driven framework for designing biodegradable biomaterials in bone tissue engineering.. Bone regeneration is a complex biological process, and the repair of critical-sized bone defects is often difficult, highlighting the need to develop biodegradable scaffolds that can effectively synergize with tissue repair. This paper introduces a model-based bone repair design framework that matches the kinetics of material degradation with the spatiotemporal stages of bone repair. We systematically evaluated the degradation mechanisms and tunability of four classes of biomaterials-metals (Mg, Fe, Zn), ceramics (HA, β-TCP, bioactive glass), polymers (…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Redefining Stability in Cultural Heritage Through Polymer Design: From Conservation Strategies to Plastic Degradation.. Polymers play a central and multifaceted role in cultural heritage science, serving both as functional materials in conservation treatments, such as cleaning, consolidation, adhesion and protection, and as constituents of a wide range of historical artefacts, including paper and canvas, waterlogged wooden wrecks, musical instruments, and modern plastics used in art. Although numerous studies have examined the use of polymers in archaeology and cultural heritage conservation, most have focused on specific polymers, individual conservation treatments, or categories of artefa…