materiały: Potential energy

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

In physics, potential energy is the energy of an object or system due to the body's position relative to other objects, or the configuration of its particles. The energy is equal to the work done against any restoring forces, such as gravity or those in a spring. The term potential energy was introduced by the 19th-century Scottish engineer and physicist William Rankine, although it has links to the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle's concept of potentiality. Common types of potential energy include gravitational potential energy, the elastic potential energy of a deformed spring, and the electric potential energy of an electric charge and an electric field. The unit for energy in the Int…

Evidence: 61 • authority: 72

Energy (from Ancient Greek ἐνέργεια (enérgeia) 'activity') is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the capacity to do work and in the form of heat and light. Energy is a conserved quantity – the law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant, although it can be converted in form. The unit of measurement for energy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule (J). Forms of energy include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object (for instance due to its position in a field), the elastic energy stored in a solid object, chemical energy…

Evidence: 48 • authority: 72

Elastic energy is the mechanical energy that is stored in the configuration of a material or physical system as it is subjected to elastic deformation by work performed upon it. Elastic energy occurs when objects are impermanently compressed, stretched or generally deformed in any manner. Elasticity theory primarily develops formalisms for the mechanics of solid bodies and materials. The elastic potential energy equation is used in calculations of positions of mechanical equilibrium. The energy is potential as it will be converted into other forms of energy, such as kinetic energy and sound energy, when the object is allowed to return to its original shape (reformation) by chemical potentia…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 88

Evidence: 42 • authority: 92

Inverse Design of Amorphous Materials With Targeted Properties.. Disordered (amorphous) materials, such as glasses, are emerging as promising candidates for applications within energy storage, nonlinear optics, and catalysis. Their lack of long-range order and complex short- and medium-range order, which depend on composition as well as thermal and pressure history, offer a vast materials design space. To this end, relying on machine learning methods instead of trial and error is promising, and among these, inverse design has emerged as a tool for generating materials with desired properties. Although inverse design methods based on diffusion models have shown success for crystalline materi…

Evidence: 36 • authority: 80

Evidence: 36 • authority: 80

Evidence: 36 • authority: 80

Evidence: 36 • authority: 92

Evidence: 36 • authority: 92

Electron ptychography reveals correlated lattice vibrations at atomic resolution.. Electron Ptychography is a computational imaging technique capable of performing phase retrieval at atomic resolution. Here we introduce the CAVIAR framework (Correlated Atomic Vibration Imaging with sub-Angstrom Resolution) that reveals spatial correlations in atomic displacements at the atomic scale. Using realistically simulated data for a symmetric Σ9 grain boundary in silicon and experimental data of a hexagonal boron nitride bicrystal, we observe correlations between atomic movements in the range of 10-20 pm at room temperature in agreement with our expectation. From only the atomic masses and temperatu…

Evidence: 36 • authority: 72

Thermodynamic work is one of the principal kinds of process by which a thermodynamic system can interact with and transfer energy to its surroundings. This results in externally measurable macroscopic forces on the system's surroundings, which can cause mechanical work, for example to lift a weight, or cause changes in external electromagnetic quantities. Also, the surroundings can perform thermodynamic work on a thermodynamic system, which is measured by an opposite sign. For thermodynamic work, appropriately chosen externally measured quantities are exactly matched by values of or contributions to changes in macroscopic internal state variables of the system, which always occur in conjuga…

Evidence: 36 • authority: 72

In science, work is the energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement. In its simplest form, for a constant force aligned with the direction of motion, the work equals the product of the force strength and the distance traveled. A force is said to do positive work if it has a component in the direction of the displacement of the point of application. A force does negative work if it has a component opposite to the direction of the displacement at the point of application of the force. For example, when a ball is held above the ground and then dropped, the work done by the gravitational force on the ball as it falls is positive, and is equal to the…