inżynieria: Smart grid

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

The smart grid is an enhancement of the 20th century electrical grid, using two-way communications and distributed so-called intelligent devices. Two-way flows of electricity and information could improve the delivery network. Research is mainly focused on three systems of a smart grid: the infrastructure system, the management system, and the protection system. Electronic power conditioning and control of the production and distribution of electricity are important aspects of the smart grid. The smart grid represents the full suite of current and proposed responses to the challenges of electricity supply. Numerous contributions to the overall improvement of energy infrastructure efficiency…

Evidence: 77 • authority: 72

Variable renewable energy (VRE) or intermittent renewable energy sources (IRES) are renewable energy sources that are not dispatchable (adjustable on demand) due to their fluctuating nature, such as wind power and solar power, as opposed to controllable renewable energy sources, such as dammed hydroelectricity or bioenergy, or relatively constant sources, such as geothermal power. The use of small amounts of intermittent power has little effect on grid operations. Using larger amounts of intermittent power may require upgrades or even a redesign of the grid infrastructure. Options to absorb large shares of variable energy into the grid include using storage, improved interconnection between…

Evidence: 68 • authority: 92

Economic environmental-based flexible energy scheduling in smart grid with renewable units and integrated system considering vehicles refueling stations.. This study explores sustainable energy management approaches for a smart distribution network that combines multiple infrastructures, such as electric vehicle charging stations, hydrogen refueling facilities for fuel cell vehicles, and renewable energy systems integrated with hydrogen storage. These components are managed in a coordinated manner to satisfy both operational requirements and security criteria defined by the distribution system operator. A key feature of the hydrogen storage unit is its dual functionality, as it not only sto…

Evidence: 68 • authority: 88

Smart Grid Components and Architecture Enabling Seamless Renewable Energy Integration Across Diverse Energy Sources. This chapter explores the critical role of smart grid components and architecture in enabling seamless integration of renewable energy across diverse energy sources. It emphasizes the importance of advanced technologies such as Energy Storage Systems (ESS), Demand Response (DR), Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), and Microgrids in enhancing grid flexibility and optimizing renewable energy utilization. The integration of real-time data analytics, smart meters, and sensors with control systems fosters improved grid visualization, management, and stability. Additionally, the c…

Evidence: 63 • authority: 92

Demand-Side Flexibility for Community Benefits and Distribution Network Deferral: A Case Study of a New Zealand Island. The decarbonisation of the energy system is accelerating the uptake of distributed and renewable energy resources. Nevertheless, this stresses already-constrained distribution networks, and it can lead to expensive grid infrastructure upgrades. Demand-side flexibility offers a non-network solution that can reduce power grid reinvestment and reinforcement. This paper investigates the potential of demand-side flexibility, where we explore community energy sharing and coordinated demand response through a data-driven case study for Waiheke Island, New Zealand. In particular,…

Evidence: 63 • authority: 72

Renewable energy in the United Kingdom refers to energy from renewable sources used for electricity generation, heat and transport in the United Kingdom. In 2024, renewables accounted for 50.4% of UK electricity generation and 16.2% of gross final energy consumption. Renewable electricity is dominated by wind, with generation from bioenergy, solar power and hydroelectricity contributing less. Renewable heat comes mainly from biomass and heat pumps, and renewable transport energy is supplied mainly through biofuels, with a smaller contribution from renewable electricity used in transport. Support for renewable electricity has shifted from the Renewables Obligation and Feed-in Tariffs to auct…

Evidence: 63 • authority: 72

Grid energy storage, also known as large-scale energy storage, is a set of technologies connected to the electrical power grid that store energy for later use. These systems help balance supply and demand by storing excess electricity from variable renewables such as solar and inflexible sources like nuclear power, releasing it when needed. They further provide essential grid services, such as helping to restart the grid after a power outage. As of 2023, the largest form of grid storage is pumped-storage hydroelectricity, with utility-scale batteries and behind-the-meter batteries coming second and third. Lithium-ion batteries are well suited for short-duration storage (under 8 hours), due…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 92

Integrated machine learning forecasting and grey wolf optimization for optimal operation of virtual power plants in smart distribution networks.. The increasing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) necessitates intelligent coordination strategies that simultaneously enhance the technical, economic, and environmental performance of modern distribution networks. This paper proposes an integrated Virtual Power Plant (VPP) framework that combines optimal distributed generation (DG) planning, machine learning-based load forecasting, and battery energy storage system (BESS) scheduling within a unified energy management architecture. The proposed framework integrates the Grey Wolf Op…

Evidence: 46 • authority: 80

Amalgamation of Smart Grid with Renewable Energy Sources

Evidence: 46 • authority: 92

Coordinated voltage control in renewable energy integrated power systems using ant colony optimization.. Navigating the complexities of modern power systems with a high share of renewable energy sources (RES) requires effective control strategies. This research presents a new Coordinated Voltage Control (CVC) framework for RES-integrated grids by combining Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) with a Deep Q-Network (DQN) controller. In this hybrid approach, ACO optimizes voltage profiles while DQN adjusts reactive power support in real-time, allowing for quick responses to grid conditions. The proposed method significantly improves voltage stability and reduces system losses, showing strong perform…

Evidence: 46 • authority: 92

Techno-economic optimization of a hybrid microgrid with integrated backup storage and vehicle-to-grid functionality.. This study presents the techno-economic optimization of a hybrid backup system integrated within an off-grid microgrid framework with electric vehicle (EV) grid-interaction capability. A real-world case study from a remote region in Egypt is used to evaluate system performance under realistic operating conditions. The optimization problem is formulated to minimize the net present cost (NPC) while ensuring system reliability using a penalty-based loss of power supply probability (LPSP). The system integrates photovoltaic (PV), wind turbines (WT), battery energy storage system…

Evidence: 46 • authority: 80

Multi‐Mode Power Converter Topology for Renewable Energy Integration With Smart Grid