codzienność: English language

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

English is a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family that emerged in early medieval England and has since become a global lingua franca. The language is named after the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Britain after the end of Roman rule. English is the most spoken language in the world, primarily due to the global influence of the British Empire (succeeded by the Commonwealth of Nations) and the rise of the United States. It is the most widely learned second language in the world, with more second‑language speakers than native speakers. However, English is only the third‑most spoken native language, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish. English is eithe…

Evidence: 82 • authority: 72

Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe. It originated in the Kingdom of Castile, a kingdom in north-central Iberia. Today, it is a global language with 519 million native speakers, mainly in the Americas and Spain, and about 636 million speakers total, including second-language speakers. Spanish is the official language of 21 countries, as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Spanish is the world's second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese; the world's fourth-most spoken language overall after English, Mandar…

Evidence: 74 • authority: 92

A Systematic Review of Native Languages Mapped With Direct Electrical Stimulation During Awake Craniotomy.. Human language exhibits both universal characteristics and remarkable diversity. While neuroimaging has identified a shared fronto-temporo-parietal network across languages, causal inferences require techniques such as direct electrical stimulation (DES), which is performed during awake craniotomy. However, it is unclear which native languages have been mapped using DES. We conducted an analysis of which native languages were mapped in monolingual patients undergoing DES during awake craniotomy. Data was extracted from an open-access systematic review dataset of language errors from p…

Evidence: 74 • authority: 72

The language known today as Spanish is derived from spoken Latin, which was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans after their occupation of the peninsula that started in the late 3rd century BC. Today it is the world's 4th most widely spoken language, after English, Mandarin Chinese and Hindi. Influenced by the peninsular hegemony of Al-Andalus in the early middle ages, Hispano-Romance varieties borrowed substantial lexicon from Arabic. Upon the southward territorial expansion of the Kingdom of Castile, Hispano-Romance norms associated to this polity displaced both Arabic and the Mozarabic romance varieties in the conquered territories, even though the resulting speech also assimil…

Evidence: 74 • authority: 72

The most commonly used language in the United States is English (specifically the American English set of varieties), which is the national language and de facto official language. While the U.S. Congress has never declared a statutory official language, the federal government primarily uses English and a 2025 executive order declared English official. In addition, 32 U.S. states out of 50 and all five U.S. territories have laws that recognize English as an official language. Of these, three states and most territories have adopted English plus one or more other official languages. Overall, 430 languages are spoken or signed by the population, of which 177 are indigenous to the U.S. or its…

Evidence: 58 • authority: 72

The official languages of Singapore are English, Mandarin Chinese, Malay and Tamil. Spoken natively by the majority of Singaporeans, English is the de facto main language in daily, governmental, legal, trade and commercial affairs. Among themselves, Singaporeans often speak Singlish, a contact language arising from centuries of contact between Singapore's multi-ethnic and multilingual society and its legacy as a British colony. The Constitution of Singapore designates Malay as the national language of Singapore. This plays a symbolic role as Malays are constitutionally recognised as the indigenous peoples of Singapore, and is also largely due to Singapore's geographical location in the Mala…

Evidence: 50 • authority: 72

The European Union (EU) has 24 official languages, of which the three most natively spoken ones are German, French and Italian. Previously, English, French and German were considered "procedural" languages, but this notion was abandoned by the European Commission, whereas the European Parliament accepts all official languages as working languages. Today, English and French are used in the day-to-day workings of the institutions of the EU. Institutions have the right to define the linguistic regime of their working, but the Commission and a number of other institutions have not done so, as indicated by several judicial rulings. The EU asserts that it is in favour of linguistic diversity. Thi…

Evidence: 50 • authority: 80

Mandarin Literacy Performance of First-Grade Dual Language Students from Mandarin, English, and Spanish Home-Language Backgrounds

Evidence: 50 • authority: 92

Towards a behavioral profile of degree adverbs in Mainland and Taiwan Mandarin news language.. The major difference between Mainland Mandarin and Taiwan Mandarin in adverb usage lies in degree adverbs. Exploring the similarities and differences in degree adverbs across both sides of the strait not only helps reveal the subtle differences between Chinese dialectal varieties, but also helps broaden the path for computer-assisted compilation of language dictionaries, and enlighten the research method used by language variation studies, comparative language studies and other applied linguistics. This paper compares degree adverbs in Mainland Mandarin and Taiwan Mandarin based on self-built news…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 80

English Only or English Plus? The Language(s) of EFL Organizations

Evidence: 42 • authority: 80

Detection of intonation in L2 English speech of native Mandarin learners

Evidence: 42 • authority: 92

How Do Similarity Cues Shape Children's Social Preference Inferences?. People often prefer similar others. The present study examined children's use of three distinct similarity cues in their inferences about people's social preferences. Participants were 144 children aged 4-8 years (49% female; 74% White). In a between-subject design, children observed a target actor demonstrate similar movements (movement condition), show the same liking/disliking of two toys (liking condition), or speak the same non-native language (language condition) as one of two actors (the similar actor) but not the other dissimilar actor. Children were then asked who the target liked to play with between the two ac…