starozytnosc: History of science

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

The history of science covers the development of science from ancient times to the present. It encompasses all three major branches of science: natural, social, and formal. Protoscience, early sciences, and natural philosophies such as alchemy and astrology that existed during the Bronze Age, Iron Age, classical antiquity and the Middle Ages, declined after the emergence of modern sciences during the Scientific Revolution. The earliest roots of scientific thinking and practice can be traced to Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia during the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. These civilizations' contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine influenced later Greek natural philosophy of classical an…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity comprising and controlling much of Central Europe and Western Europe, headed by the Holy Roman Emperor and characterized by a decentralized political structure. It developed in the Early Middle Ages (beginning in either 800 or 962), and lasted for a millennium until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. Initially, it consisted of three constituent kingdoms—Germany, Italy, and (from 1032) Burgundy—held together by the emperor's overlordship. By the 15th century, imperial governance had become concentrated in and upon the Kingdom of Germany, as the empire's effective control…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

Evidence: 41 • authority: 72

The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the period of European history between c. 1000 and c. 1300; it was preceded by the Early Middle Ages and followed by the Late Middle Ages, which ended c. 1500 according to historiographical convention. Key historical trends of the High Middle Ages include the ascent of the great Italian city-states, the rapidly increasing population of Europe, which brought about great social and political change from the preceding era, and the Renaissance of the 12th century, including the first developments of the rural exodus and urbanization. By 1350, the robust population increase had greatly benefited the European economy, which had reached levels tha…

Evidence: 27 • authority: 72

Western painting represents a historical and contemporary Western painting tradition, from antiquity until the present time. Initially serving imperial, private, civic, and religious patronage, Western painting later found audiences in the aristocracy and middle class. From the Middle Ages through the Renaissance, painters worked for the church and a wealthy aristocracy. The Renaissance saw painting advance significantly, in conjunction with the refinement of drawing, perspective, ambitious architecture, tapestry, stained glass, sculpture, and advent of the printing press. Beginning with the Baroque era, artists received private commissions from a more educated and prosperous middle class.…

Evidence: 27 • authority: 72

Evidence: 21 • authority: 80

The Fall of the Western Roman Empire

Evidence: 21 • authority: 80

The decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire

Evidence: 21 • authority: 80

Agrarian conditions in the Byzantine Empire in the Middle Ages

Evidence: 21 • authority: 88

Evidence: 21 • authority: 72