kolej-i-drogi: History of India (1947–present)

Evidence: 68 • authority: 72

The partition of India in 1947 was the division of British India into two independent dominion states, the Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. The Union of India is today the Republic of India, and the Dominion of Pakistan is the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People's Republic of Bangladesh. The partition involved the division of two provinces, Bengal and the Punjab, based on district-wide non-Muslim (mostly Hindu and Sikh) or Muslim majorities. It also involved the division of the British Indian Army, the Royal Indian Navy, the Indian Civil Service, the railways, and the central treasury, between the two new dominions. The partition was set forth in the Indian Independence Act…

Evidence: 30 • authority: 88

‘The Nation Within’: British India at War 1939–1947. This lecture discusses the remarkable recovery of British India and the Indian army that made the reconquest of Burma and Malaya possible. The Indian army is shown to have displayed a number of strengths during its final years, such as its reorganisation and provision with new equipment. It was also given a higher political profile, and Indian soldiers were given new initiatives by their commanders. The lecture determines that the final campaign of the Indian army helped create the social order of the new nations of the Subcontinent.

Evidence: 29 • authority: 72

India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the world's seventh-largest country by area and its most populous. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north, and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is near Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa by 55,000 years ago. Settled life emerged in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago, evolving into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE. By 1200…

Evidence: 29 • authority: 92

A history of thalidomide in India.. In contrast to the well-known stories of the embryotoxic drug, thalidomide, in countries where it was responsible for large numbers of birth defects, there is limited information on its history in India. Its presence before 2002, when the country issued the first marketing licence for a thalidomide-containing preparation, is assumed to be negligible. This article challenges this view by showing that the drug entered the Indian subcontinent through the former Portuguese territory of Goa around 1960. We examine the subsequent development of its distribution, use and regulation in India from the mid-1960s up to the present situation. Colonial legacies are a…

Evidence: 21 • authority: 92

Disinformation and calculated care beyond the Global North: comparing refugee discourses in Australia and India.. This article explores what "care" looks like in the specific context of Muslim refugees and asylum seekers within the dominant discourse of humanitarianism. India and Australia are chosen for this comparative analysis because our aim is to emphasise multidimensional anti-Muslim alliances that are now in place in both contexts between the governments and official and unofficial media that influence humanitarian policies and practice. We argue that the "information disorder" that dominates current media ecologies about Muslim refugees in both countries is produced at this nexus of…

Evidence: 21 • authority: 92

Vietnam's foreign policy (1945-1946): Proactive in a fragile independence.. Background The August Revolution of 1945 established the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, but the nascent government immediately faced immense challenges from external forces like French colonialists and Chiang Kai-shek's army, alongside internal difficulties. In this precarious situation, diplomacy emerged as a crucial strategic tool for the Vietnamese revolution during the 1945-1946 period, demonstrating a skillful blend of struggle and negotiation to safeguard independence. Methods This study is grounded in the principles of dialectical and historical materialism, consistent with the viewpoint of the Communist Par…

Evidence: 21 • authority: 72

The Indus Valley Civilisation, the early civilisation of India and Pakistan, developed an economy based on agriculture and craft that later spread into central India. Angus Maddison estimates that from 1-1000 AD, the regions making up present-day India contributed roughly 30% of the world's population and GDP. India experienced per-capita GDP growth in the high medieval era. By the late 17th century, the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb had united most of the Indian subcontinent, whose realm, Maddison estimates, produced about a quarter of global GDP.. Until the 18th century, India was one of the most important manufacturing centres in international trade. This manufacturing growth is often seen as…

Evidence: 21 • authority: 72

The present-day state of Goa was established in 1987. Goa is India's smallest state by area. It shares a lot of similarities with Indian history, especially with regard to colonial influences and a multi-cultural aesthetic. The Usgalimal rock engravings, belonging to the Upper Paleolithic or Mesolithic periods, exhibit some of the earliest traces of human settlement in India. The Mauryan and Satavahana Empires ruled modern-day Goa during the Iron Age. It was ruled by the Kadambha dynasty from the 2nd century CE to 1312 and by the Deccan from 1312 to 1367. The city was then annexed by the Kingdom of Vijayanagara and was later conquered by the Bahmanī sultanate, which founded Old Goa on the i…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The republics in the Commonwealth of Nations are sovereign state members of the international organisation with a republican form of government. As of June 2022, 36 out of the 56 member states were republics. While King Charles III is the titular Head of the Commonwealth, he is not the head of state of the republican members. The King is, however, the reigning monarch in the Commonwealth realms. The Head of the Commonwealth role does not carry with it substantive power (what power it does have is probably exercisable by the Crown only on advice); instead, it is a symbol of the free association of Commonwealth members. Except for the former Portuguese possession of Mozambique, the former Bel…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Batwara 1947 (transl. Partition 1947) is a 2026 Indian Hindi-language period drama film co-written and directed by Rajkumar Santoshi, and produced by Aamir Khan under the banner of Aamir Khan Productions. Set in Lahore against the backdrop of the 1947 Partition of British India and the division of Punjab, the film stars Sunny Deol, Preity Zinta, Shabana Azmi, Karan Deol, Ali Fazal, Abhimanyu Singh, Khushi Hajare, Kanikka Kapur, and Isha Sandhir. The film is based on Asghar Wajahat's drama Jis Lahore Nai Vekhya, O Jamya E Nai. It was Zinta's comeback film after an eight-year hiatus. Principal photography began in February 2024, and was completed in October 2025. The cinematography is handled…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Dominion of India, officially the Union of India, was an independent dominion in the British Commonwealth of Nations existing between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950. Until its independence, India had been ruled as an informal empire by the United Kingdom. The empire, also called the British Raj and sometimes the British Indian Empire, consisted of regions, collectively called British India, that were directly administered by the British government, and regions, called the princely states, that were ruled by Indian rulers under a system of paramountcy, in favour of the British. The Dominion of India was formalised by the passage of the Indian Independence Act 1947. This same Act also…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948, also known as the first Kashmir war, was a war fought between India and Pakistan over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir from 1947 to 1948. It was the first of the India–Pakistan wars between the two newly independent nations; both were dominions within the British Commonwealth of Nations. Pakistan precipitated the war a few weeks after its independence by launching tribal lashkar (militias) from Waziristan, in an effort to capture Kashmir and to preempt the possibility of its ruler joining India. Hari Singh, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, was facing an uprising by his Muslim subjects in Poonch, and lost control in portions of the western distri…