polska: Poland

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

A voivodeship (, VOY-vohd-ship), or voivodship (Polish: województwo [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ] ; plural: województwa [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfa]), is the highest-level administrative division of Poland, corresponding to a province in many other countries. The term has been in use since the 14th century and is commonly translated into English as "province". The Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998, which went into effect on 1 January 1999, reduced the number of voivodeships to sixteen. These 16 replaced the 49 former voivodeships that had existed from 1 July 1975, and bear a greater resemblance (in territory, but not in name) to the voivodeships that existed between 1950 and 1975. Today's voivodeships a…

Evidence: 29 • authority: 88

The implementation of the “Clear air” Programme in Poland including voivodeships. Air pollution is a global problem affecting millions of people worldwide. Climate warming, increasingly difficult access to drinking water resources, and desertification of areas have all resulted in population migrations in search of better areas to live and work. High mortality rates due to smog and crop, soil, and water pollution are just some of the problems facing the whole civilised world. In 2019, in response to these and other climate challenges, the EU adopted the Green Deal, a strategy whereby the EU member states have committed to an energy transition. Climate neutrality, according to the document,…

Evidence: 23 • authority: 72

The administrative division of Poland since 1999 has been based on three levels of subdivision. The territory of Poland is divided into voivodeships (provinces); these are further divided into powiats (counties or districts), and these in turn are divided into gminas (communes or municipalities). Major cities normally have the status of both gmina and powiat. Poland currently has 16 voivodeships, 380 powiats (including 66 cities with powiat status), and 2,479 gminas. The current system was introduced pursuant to a series of acts passed by the Polish parliament in 1998, and came into effect on 1 January 1999. Between 1975 and 1998 there had been 49 smaller "voivodeships" and no powiats (see…

Evidence: 23 • authority: 72

The following is an alphabetical list of all 380 county-level entities in Poland. A county or powiat (pronounced povyat, /pɔv.jät/) is the second level of Polish administrative division, between the voivodeship (provinces) and the gmina (municipalities or communes; plural "gminy"). The list includes the 314 "land counties" (powiaty ziemskie) and the 66 "city counties" (miasta na prawach powiatu or powiaty grodzkie). For general information about these entities, see the article on powiats. The following information is given in the list: English name (as used in Wikipedia) Polish name (does not apply to most city counties, since these are not translated). Sometimes two different counties have…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The economy of Poland is an emerging and developing, high-income, industrialized social market economy that is the sixth-largest in the European Union by nominal GDP and fifth-largest by PPP-adjusted GDP. Poland has the extensive public services characteristic of most developed economies and is one of few countries in Europe to require no tuition fees for undergraduate and postgraduate education and with universal public healthcare that is free at a point of use. Since 1988, Poland has pursued a policy of economic liberalisation but retained an advanced public welfare system. It ranks 20th worldwide in terms of PPP-adjusted GDP, 20th in terms of nominal GDP, and 21st in the 2023 Economic Co…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The European Border and Coast Guard Agency, commonly known as Frontex, from frontières extérieures (French for 'external borders'), is an agency of the European Union headquartered in Warsaw, Poland. In coordination with the border and coast guards of member states, it exercises border control of the European Schengen Area, a task within the area of freedom, security and justice domain. Formally, the Agency's remit is to "support Member States on the ground in their efforts to protect the external borders"; it does not have authority to act otherwise unless "external border control" [by a member state] "is rendered ineffective to such an extent that it risks jeopardising the functioning of…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

This is a list of urban areas in the European Union with over 500,000 inhabitants as of 2022. The data comes from Demographia and the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Demographia provides figures for urban areas (including conurbations), while the UN DESA figures are a mix agglomerations, cities proper and metropolitan areas. For comparison, Functional Urban Area (FUA) population figures by Eurostat are also provided, however, these measure the wider metropolitan areas.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The European Union (EU) is a supranational union of 27 member states that are party to the EU's founding treaties, and thereby subject to the privileges and obligations of membership. They have agreed by the treaties to share their own sovereignty through the institutions of the European Union in certain aspects of government. State governments must agree unanimously in the Council for the union to adopt some policies; for others, collective decisions are made by qualified majority voting. These obligations and sharing of sovereignty (also known by some as "pooling of sovereignty") within the EU make it unique among international organisations, as it has established its own legal order whic…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Greater Poland Voivodeship (Polish: województwo wielkopolskie [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ vjɛlkɔˈpɔlskʲɛ] ) is a voivodeship, or province, in west-central Poland. The province is named after the region called Greater Poland (Wielkopolska [vjɛlkɔˈpɔlska] ). The modern province includes most of this historic region, except for some western and northern parts. Greater Poland Voivodeship is second in area and third in population among Poland's sixteen voivodeships, with an area of 29,826 square kilometres (11,516 sq mi) and a population of close to 3.5 million. Its capital city is Poznań; other important cities include Kalisz, Konin, Piła, Ostrów Wielkopolski, Gniezno (an early capital of Poland) and Leszno…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Wasserstein distributional distance and linear programming convergence planning as monitoring network benchmarking tools: cross-continental surface water quality assessment across Brazilian and European river basins.. Evaluating the performance of long-term water quality monitoring networks against international reference systems requires analytical tools capable of comparing entire empirical distributions - not merely summary statistics - yet distributional benchmarking methods have rarely been applied at the cross-continental scale. This study develops and applies a four-method analytical framework - combining Wasserstein-1 distributional distance (earth mover's distance), Shannon-entropy…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Protected areas provide incomplete coverage for wintering Red Kites (Milvus milvus) in European agricultural landscapes.. Designation and management of protected areas (PAs) can mitigate detrimental anthropogenic impacts on biodiversity. Across Europe, an extensive network of PAs exist to protect wildlife and habitats. These sites aim to provide important refugia for species of conservation interest, which include the Red Kite (Milvus milvus; hereafter "kites"). Currently, kites are classified as globally Least Concern but in danger of extinction in parts of their range such as Spain. However, it remains unclear to what extent kite ranges overlap with PAs with fundamental knowledge gaps per…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Continental-wide prioritization of protected areas to address global and habitat-specific goals for avian biodiversity conservation.. The United Nations and European Union have set ambitious conservation goals to halt and reverse declines in biodiversity by protecting 30% of land and sea areas by 2030. Effective conservation planning requires evidence-based spatial prioritization to maximize the coverage of species within designated protected areas. Based on a pan-European database for occurrence and abundance of breeding birds collected in the 2010s, we applied the Zonation algorithm to identify key areas that would maximize the protection of ranges and populations for 435 species of breed…