transport: Oil tanker

Evidence: 26 • authority: 72

Energy consumption per person in Turkey is similar to the world average, and over 85 per cent is from fossil fuels. From 1990 to 2017 annual primary energy supply tripled, but then remained constant to 2019. In 2019, Turkey's primary energy supply included around 30 per cent oil, 30 per cent coal, and 25 per cent gas. These fossil fuels contribute to Turkey's air pollution and its above average greenhouse gas emissions. Turkey mines its own lignite (brown coal) but imports three-quarters of its energy, including half the coal and almost all the oil and gas it requires, and its energy policy prioritises reducing imports. The OECD has criticised the lack of carbon pricing, fossil fuel subsidi…

Evidence: 26 • authority: 72

The Keystone Pipeline System is an oil pipeline system in Canada and the United States, commissioned in 2010 by TransCanada (later TC Energy). It is owned by South Bow, since TC Energy's spin off of its liquids business into a separate publicly traded company, effective October 1, 2024. It runs from the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin in Alberta to refineries in Illinois and Texas, and also to oil tank farms and an oil pipeline distribution center in Cushing, Oklahoma. TransCanada Keystone Pipeline GP Ltd, abbreviated here as Keystone, operates four phases of the project. In 2013, the first two phases had the capacity to deliver up to 590,000 barrels (94,000 m3) per day of oil into the M…

Evidence: 20 • authority: 80

Technical and economic assessment in energy efficiency benchmarking of oil pipelines

Evidence: 20 • authority: 92

A Materials Science Perspective of Midstream Challenges in the Utilization of Heavy Crude Oil.. An increasing global population and a sharply upward trajectory of per capita energy consumption continue to drive the demand for fossil fuels, which remain integral to energy grids and the global transportation infrastructure. The oil and gas industry is increasingly reliant on unconventional deposits such as heavy crude oil and bitumen for reasons of accessibility, scale, and geopolitics. Unconventional deposits such as the Canadian Oil Sands in Northern Alberta contain more than one-third of the world's viscous oil reserves and are vital linchpins to meet the energy needs of rapidly industrial…

Evidence: 20 • authority: 92

Life cycle externalities and abatement costs of public transport electrification using fuel cell and battery electric buses in Putrajaya city.. City-level bus electrification is needed for urban decarbonization. Previous research shows varied preference between battery electric buses (BEBs) and fuel cell electric buses (FCEBs), due to region-specific factors. Hence, to determine the more practical option for deployment in a Malaysian city, this case study evaluates environmental and economic performance through life cycle assessment (LCA) and total cost of ownership (TCO) analysis, based on simulated energy consumption. The system boundary covers both vehicle and fuel cycles, assessing foss…

Evidence: 20 • authority: 72

Oil sands are a type of unconventional petroleum deposit. They are either loose sands, or partially consolidated sandstone containing a naturally occurring mixture of sand, clay, and water, soaked with bitumen (a dense and extremely viscous form of petroleum). Significant bitumen deposits are reported in Canada, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Venezuela. The estimated worldwide deposits of oil are more than 2 trillion barrels (320 billion cubic metres). Proven reserves of bitumen contain approximately 100 billion barrels, and total natural bitumen reserves are estimated at 249.67 Gbbl (39.694×10^9 m3) worldwide, of which 176.8 Gbbl (28.11×10^9 m3), or 70.8%, are in Alberta, Canada. Crude bitumen is…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

As part of the sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation as a result of the Russo-Ukrainian War, on September 2, 2022, finance ministers of the G7 group of nations agreed to cap the price of Russian oil and petroleum products in an effort intended to reduce Russia's ability to finance its war on Ukraine while at the same time hoping to curb further increases to the 2021–2022 inflation surge. In 2022 the Russian Federation was cushioned against energy sanctions because of a global rise in oil and gas prices. The rationale for the price cap is to remove that added value so that revenues earned by Russia are restricted and should not rise if world oil and gas prices increase again in the fut…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Athabasca oil sands, also known as the Athabasca tar sands, are large deposits of oil sands rich in bitumen, a heavy and viscous form of petroleum, in northeastern Alberta, Canada. These reserves are one of the largest sources of unconventional oil in the world, making Canada a significant player in the global energy market. As of 2023, Canada's oil sands industry, along with Western Canada and offshore petroleum facilities near Newfoundland and Labrador, continued to increase production and were projected to increase by an estimated 10% in 2024 representing a potential record high at the end of the year of approximately 5.3 million barrels per day (bpd). The surge in production is attr…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) unit is a floating vessel used by the offshore oil and gas industry for the production and processing of hydrocarbons, and for the storage of oil. An FPSO vessel is designed to receive hydrocarbons produced by itself or from nearby platforms or subsea template, process them, and store oil until it can be offloaded onto a tanker or, less frequently, transported through a pipeline. FPSOs are preferred in frontier offshore regions as they are easy to install, and do not require a local pipeline infrastructure to export oil. FPSOs can be a conversion of an oil tanker (like Seawise Giant) or can be a vessel built specially for the application.…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Energy and economic benefits from economies of scale in intercity freight transportation.. Since the beginning of motorization, intercity freight transportation modes have carried an ever-increasing load and experienced a nearly continuous decline in average unit costs and energy intensity. Using a unique dataset, we demonstrate the tight, inverse relationships between the average load carried with average transport unit costs and energy intensity, which are invariant across mode, space, and time, for the countries and time periods considered. Our subsequent statistical analysis concludes that-over the last 30-35 years-economies of scale have contributed to 65-85% of the decline in energy i…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Evaluating disruption scenarios for improving downstream oil supply chain resilience and cost minimization using Monte Carlo simulation.. This study examines the impact of both random and anticipated disruptions on transportation costs within different stages of a downstream oil supply chain. Conducting a comprehensive literature review, a MILP model was developed to simulate a multifaceted refined oil supply chain, integrating refining and import facilities, storage depots, and customer demand nodes. The study unfolds in two phases: a deterministic model establishing a supply chain performance baseline, and a Monte Carlo simulation generating disruption scenarios. Results reveal increased…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

An oil tanker, also known as a petroleum tanker, is a ship designed for the bulk transport of oil or its products. There are two basic types of oil tankers: crude tankers and product tankers. Crude tankers move large quantities of unrefined crude oil from its point of extraction to refineries. Product tankers, generally much smaller, are designed to move refined products from refineries to points near consuming markets. Oil tankers are often classified by their size as well as their occupation. The size classes range from inland or coastal tankers of a few thousand metric tons of deadweight (DWT) to ultra-large crude carriers (ULCCs) of 550,000 DWT. Tankers move approximately 2.0 billion me…