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geografia: Diamond

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Because the arrangement of atoms in diamond is extremely rigid, few types of impurity can contaminate it (two exceptions are boron and nitrogen).

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Diamond is a mineral form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic. Diamond is a tasteless, odorless, strong, brittle solid, a poor conductor of electricity, colorless in pure form, and insoluble in water. Another solid form of carbon known as graphite is the chemically stable form of carbon at room temperature and pressure, but diamond is metastable and converts to it at a negligible rate under those conditions. Diamond has the highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any natural material, properties that are used in major industrial applications such as cutting and polishing tools. Because the arrangement of atoms in diamond is extremely rigid, few types of impurity can contaminate it (two exceptions are boron and nitrogen). Small numbers of defects or impurities—about one per million of lattice atoms—can color a diamond blue (boron), yellow (nitrogen), brown (defects), green (radiation exposure), purple, pink, orange, or red. Diamond also has a very high refractive index and a relatively high optical dispersion. Most natural diamonds have ages between 1 billion and 3.5 billion years. Most were formed at depths between 150 and 250 kilometres (93 and 155 mi) in the Earth's mantle, although a few have come from as deep as 800 kilometres (500 mi). Under high pressure and temperature, carbon-containing fluids dissolved various…

Kategoria: geografia

Rodzina: geografia

Jakość źródła: 65/100

Próby weryfikacji: 3

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Nanyang Technological UniversityPOTWIERDZAniezależne

Evidence: 39 • authority: 80

Quantum sensing based on nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond and boron vacancy centers in hexagonal boron nitride

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Wikipedia ENpomocniczeniezależne

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Diamond is a mineral form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic. Diamond is a tasteless, odorless, strong, brittle solid, a poor conductor of electricity, colorless in pure form, and insoluble in water. Another solid form of carbon known as graphite is the chemically stable form of carbon at room temperature and pressure, but diamond is metastable and converts to it at a negligible rate under those conditions. Diamond has the highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any natural material, properties that are used in major industrial applications such as cutting and polishing tools. Because the arrangement of atoms in diamond is extremel…

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American Chemical Society (ACS)pomocniczeniezależne

Evidence: 39 • authority: 80

Toward Free-Standing Lonsdaleite and Diamond Few Layers: The Nitrogen Effect

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Elsevier BVpomocniczeniezależne

Evidence: 39 • authority: 80

The different characteristics of boron and nitrogen atoms/ions on silicon (001) substrate and their effect on boron nitride growth

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Elsevier BVpomocniczeniezależne

Evidence: 39 • authority: 80

Phase formation of boron nitride thin films under the influence of impurity atoms

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Elsevier BVpomocniczeniezależne

Evidence: 39 • authority: 80

Preparation of boron–nitrogen co-doped diamond/boron-doped diamond electrodes for aqueous capacitors with AC line-filtering performance

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