codzienność: Chemical laser

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

A chemical laser is a laser that obtains its energy from a chemical reaction. Chemical lasers can reach continuous wave output with power reaching to megawatt levels. They are used in industry for cutting and drilling. Common examples of chemical lasers are the chemical oxygen iodine laser (COIL), all gas-phase iodine laser (AGIL), and the hydrogen fluoride (HF) and deuterium fluoride (DF) lasers, all operating in the mid-infrared region. There is also a DF–CO2 laser (deuterium fluoride–carbon dioxide), which, like COIL, is a "transfer laser." The HF and DF lasers are unusual, in that there are several molecular energy transitions with sufficient energy to cross the threshold required for l…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. When exposed to light (radiation) of a shorter threshold wavelength, a phosphorescent substance will glow, absorbing the light and reemitting it at a longer wavelength. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately reemit the radiation it absorbs. Instead, a phosphorescent material absorbs some of the radiation energy and reemits it for a much longer time after the radiation source is removed. There is no distinct boundary between the emission times of fluorescence and phosphorescence (i.e. if a substance glows under a black light it is generally considered fluorescent, and if it glows in the dark…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Wafer-scale manufacturing of ultra-broadband, high-power erbium-doped integrated lasers.. Erbium (Er) is an attractive gain medium for amplifiers and lasers due to its long excited-state lifetime, low noise and nonlinearity, and temperature stability. Recently developed ultra-low-loss Si 3 N 4 photonic integrated circuits combined with Er ion implantation have enabled high-performance on-chip Er lasers, but manufacturing scalability has been limited by the high 2 MeV implantation required for tightly confined 700-nm-thick waveguides. Here we demonstrate the first fully wafer-scale, foundry-compatible Er-doped Si 3 N 4 tunable lasers by using 200-nm-thick waveguides, reducing implantation en…