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geneza: Panchatantra

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One version reached Europe in the 11th century.

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It is likely a Hindu text, and based on older oral traditions with "animal fables that are as old as we are able to imagine".

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The Panchatantra (IAST and ISO: Pañcatantra; Sanskrit: पञ्चतन्त्र; lit. 'Five Treatises') is an ancient Indian collection of interrelated animal fables in Sanskrit verse and prose, arranged within a frame story. The text's author is unknown, but it has been attributed to Vishnu Sharma in some recensions and Vasubhaga in others, both of which may be fictitious pen names. It is likely a Hindu text, and based on older oral traditions with "animal fables that are as old as we are able to imagine". It is "certainly the most frequently translated literary product of India", and these stories are among the most widely known in the world. It goes by many names in many cultures. There is a version of Panchatantra in nearly every major language of India, and in addition there are 200 versions of the text in more than 50 languages around the world. One version reached Europe in the 11th century. To quote Edgerton (1924): ...before 1600 it existed in Greek, Latin, Spanish, Italian, German, English, Old Slavonic, Czech, and perhaps other Slavonic languages. Its range has extended from Java to Iceland... [In India,] it has been worked over and over again, expanded, abstracted, turned into verse, retold in prose, translated into medieval and modern vernaculars, and retranslated into Sanskrit. And most of the stories contained in it have "gone down" into the folklore of the story-loving Hindu…

Kategoria: historia

Rodzina: zwierzeta

Jakość źródła: 65/100

Próby weryfikacji: 3

Notatka fact-checku: Fact-check 3.0-content-aware: no sufficient claim-bound corroboration after 3 healthy attempts. Scope=verify the factual claim. Required independent sources=2; stored evidence groups=0. Provider/API errors did not consume attempts. | Fact-check 4.3.2: research wznowiony bez zdejmowania HOLD. Poprzednia metoda: factcheck-300-content-aware. | Fact-check 4.3.2: research wznowiony bez zdejmowania HOLD. Poprzednia metoda: factcheck-weekly-research-432.

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Wikipedia ENpomocniczeniezależne

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

The Panchatantra (IAST and ISO: Pañcatantra; Sanskrit: पञ्चतन्त्र; lit. 'Five Treatises') is an ancient Indian collection of interrelated animal fables in Sanskrit verse and prose, arranged within a frame story. The text's author is unknown, but it has been attributed to Vishnu Sharma in some recensions and Vasubhaga in others, both of which may be fictitious pen names. It is likely a Hindu text, and based on older oral traditions with "animal fables that are as old as we are able to imagine". It is "certainly the most frequently translated literary product of India", and these stories are among the most widely known in the world. It goes by many names in many cultures. There is a version o…

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Wikipedia ENpomocnicze

Evidence: 51 • authority: 72

Chanakya (ISO: Cāṇakya, चाणक्य, ), according to legendary narratives preserved in various traditions dating from the 4th to 11th century CE, was a Brahmin who assisted the first Mauryan emperor Chandragupta in his rise to power and the establishment of the Maurya Empire. According to these narratives, Chanakya served as the chief adviser and prime minister to both emperors Chandragupta Maurya and his son Bindusara. Conventionally, Chanakya was identified with Kauṭilya and synonymously Vishnugupta, the author of the ancient Indian politico-economic treatise Arthashastra. Arthashastra is now thought with high probability to have been composed by multiple authors during the early centuries of…

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Wikipedia ENpomocnicze

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

The Mahābhārata ( mə-HAH-BAR-ə-tə, MAH-hə-; Sanskrit: महाभारतम्, IAST: Mahābhāratam, pronounced [mɐɦaːˈbʱaːrɐt̪ɐm], 'Great Bharata') is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India revered in Hinduism, the other being the Ramayana. Both are considered smṛti and itihasa texts. The Mahābhārata narrates the events around the Kurukshetra War, while also discussing philosophical concepts, such as the four "goals of life" or puruṣārtha. A principal element of the Mahābhārata is the Bhagavad Gita, which is a prominent sacred text in Hindu traditions. The Mahābhārata recounts the events of the dynastic struggle for the throne of Hastinapura, that leads to the battle of Kurukshetra, a war of…

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