zwierzęta: Rationality

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Rationality is the quality of being guided by or based on reason. In this regard, a person acts rationally if they have a good reason for what they do, or a belief is rational if it is based on strong evidence. This quality can apply to an ability, as in a rational animal, to a psychological process, like reasoning, to mental states, such as beliefs and intentions, or to persons who possess these other forms of rationality. A thing that lacks rationality is either arational, if it is outside the domain of rational evaluation, or irrational, if it belongs to this domain but does not fulfill its standards. There are many discussions about the essential features shared by all forms, or account…

Evidence: 70 • authority: 72

Reason is the capacity to consciously apply logic by drawing valid conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking truth. It is associated with activities considered characteristic of humans, including philosophy, religion, science, language, and mathematics, and is generally considered a distinguishing ability possessed by humans. The term "reason" is sometimes used to refer to rationality, although the latter is more about its application. Reasoning involves using more-or-less rational processes of thinking and cognition to extrapolate from one's existing knowledge to generate new knowledge, and involves the use of one's intellect. The field of logic is the study of…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

Abilities are powers an agent has to perform various actions. They include common abilities, like walking, and rare abilities, like performing a double backflip. Abilities are intelligent powers: they are guided by the person's intention and executing them successfully results in an action, which is not true for all types of powers. They are closely related to but not identical with various other concepts, such as disposition, know-how, aptitude, talent, potential, and skill. Theories of ability aim to articulate the nature of abilities. Traditionally, the conditional analysis has been the most popular approach. According to it, having an ability means one would perform the action in questi…

Evidence: 40 • authority: 72

The rationalist community is a 21st-century movement that formed around a group of internet blogs, primarily LessWrong and Astral Codex Ten (formerly known as Slate Star Codex). The movement initially gained prominence in the San Francisco Bay Area. Its members seek to use insights from various academic fields (such as epistemology, probability theory, and psychology) and awareness of cognitive biases to achieve both epistemic rationality (coming to true beliefs about the world) and instrumental rationality (acting in a way to achieve one's objectives). Heavily overlapping communities include effective altruism, transhumanism, and AI safety (specifically mitigation of AI extinction risk). T…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 88

Does ‘Rational Subject’ Definition Matter? How do Tensions and some Solutions come about? Toward a Definition of the ‘Rational Subject’. The war/peace/war appearances of our tragic realities of the 20th and just 21st centuries, and the COVID 19 pandemic appearance of our dramatic realities of the recent last years are ‘aboutness’ issues implying all of us… revealing some of the rational beings’ characteristics, and challenging a holistic approach to ourselves – the humans within our conflictual and competitive communities; communities that have exponentially advanced technological progress within our human-machines complex aggregations, but a stationary or even declining moral status. <br>A…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 92

Scaling up cultivated meat bioprocessing: a mechanistic review of computational fluid dynamics as a rational design tool.. Cultivated meat (CM) presents a sustainable alternative to conventional animal agriculture. However, its projected benefits remain theoretical until bioprocesses can be successfully scaled from laboratory to industrial production. Traditional bioprocess scale-up relies on empirical correlations that inadequately capture the hydrodynamic heterogeneity inherent to large-scale bioreactors, creating critical bottlenecks for shear-sensitive CM cell types. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) offers a mechanistic approach capable of spatiotemporally resolving flow parameters, i…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 72

Mobbing in animals is an anti-predator adaptation in which individuals of prey species cooperatively attack or harass a predator, usually to protect their offspring. A simple definition of mobbing is an assemblage of individuals around a potentially dangerous predator. This is most frequently seen in birds, though it is also known to occur in many other animals such as the meerkat and some bovines. While mobbing has evolved independently in many species, it only tends to be present in those whose young are frequently preyed upon. This behavior may complement cryptic adaptations in the offspring themselves, such as camouflage and hiding. Mobbing calls may be used to summon nearby individuals…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 72

Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms belonging to the biological kingdom Animalia (). Animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, have muscle cells, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development. With few exceptions, animals are able to move. Animals form a clade, meaning that they arose from a single common ancestor. Over 1.5 million living animal species have been described, of which around 1.05 million are insects, over 85,000 are molluscs, and around 65,000 are vertebrates. It has been estimated there are as many as 7.77 million animal species on Earth. Animal body lengths range from 8.5 μm (0.00033 in) to 33.…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 72

Animal symbolicum ('symbol-making animal' or 'symbolizing animal') is a definition for humans proposed by the German neo-Kantian philosopher Ernst Cassirer. The tradition since Aristotle has defined a human being as animal rationale (a rational animal). However, Cassirer claimed that man's outstanding characteristic is not in his metaphysical or physical nature, but rather in his work. Humanity cannot be known directly, but has to be known through the analysis of the symbolic universe that man has created historically. Thus man should be defined as animal symbolicum (a symbol-making or symbolizing animal). On this basis, Cassirer sought to understand human nature by exploring symbolic forms…