starożytność: Kuntasi

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Kuntasi is an archaeological site (locally known as Bibi-no-Timbo) which is identified as a port belonging to the Indus Valley civilization. This site is located on the right bank of Phulki River, about 2 km south-east of Kuntasi village and 30 km from Morbi in Maliya taluka of Morbi District in Gujarat state of India. It is five km inlandward from present shore line. It was first reported by P. P Pandya and later thoroughly explored by Y. M. Chitalwala. The excavations revealed two periods of occupation. Period I is assigned to the Mature Harappan phase (c. 2200–1900 BCE) and the Period II is assigned to the Late Harappan phase (c.1900–1700 BCE). This site was identified as a jetty and a m…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

Khirasara is an archaeological site belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. This site is located in Nakhatrana Taluka of Kutch district in the western Indian state of Gujarat, on the bank of Khari river, 85 kilometres (55 mi) from Bhuj, the district headquarters.

Evidence: 44 • authority: 72

Dholavira (Gujarati: ધોળાવીરા, IPA: [d̪ʰoɭaʋiɾaː]) is an archaeological site at Khadirbet in Bhachau Taluka of Kutch District, in the state of Gujarat, western India, which is named after a modern-day village 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) south of it. This village is 165 km (103 mi) from Radhanpur. Also known locally as Kotada timba, the site contains ruins of a city of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. Earthquakes have repeatedly affected Dholavira, including a particularly severe one around 2600 BCE.

Evidence: 25 • authority: 80

Taphonomic analysis of Terebralia palustris assemblage from the prehistoric midden site of Bambhanka near Dholavira, District Kachchh, Gujarat (India)

Evidence: 25 • authority: 80

Quantifying seismic induced damage at ancient site Manjal located in Kachchh Mainland region of Gujarat, India

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilisation, was a major early civilisation, existing from 3300–1300 BCE in the northwest South Asia, around the Indus River plains. It covered much of modern-day Pakistan and northwestern India, as well as possessing at least one trading colony in northeast Afghanistan. Over 1000 Indus Valley Civilisation sites have been discovered. Only 40 sites on the Indus valley were known in the pre-Partition era by archaeologists. The most widely known Indus Valley sites are Mohenjo-daro and Harappa; Mohenjo-daro is located in Sindh, while Harappa is in Punjab. More than 90% of the inscribed objects and seals that were discovered were f…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Kunal is a pre-Harappan Indus Valley Civilisation settlement located, just 30 km from Fatehabad City in Fatehabad district of Haryana state in India. Compared to other IVC sites, such as cities like Rakhigarhi and towns like Kalibangan, Kunal site was a village. Excavation at Kunal show 3 successive phases of Pre-Harappan indigenous culture on the Saraswati river who also traded with Kalibangan and Lothal. Kunal, along with its other contemporary sites Bhirrana and Rakhigarhi on Sarasvati-Ghaggar river system, is recognised as the oldest Pre-Harappan settlement, with Kunal being an older cultural ancestor to Rehman Dheri in Pakistan, which is on the Tentative List for future World Heritage…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Binjor - 4MSR (Thed of the local villagers) is an archaeological site in Rajasthan state of India, near the international border between Pakistan and India. It is situated a couple of kilometers from Binjor village, Anupgarh tehsil, Sri Ganganagar district.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Rakhigarhi or Rakhi Garhi (Hindi: [ɾaːkʰiːɡəɽʰiː]) is a village and an archaeological site in the Hansi district of the northern Indian state of Haryana, situated about 150 km northwest of Delhi. It is located in the Ghaggar River plain, some 27 km from the seasonal Ghaggar river, and belonged to the Indus Valley Civilisation, being part of the pre-Harappan (6000?/4600-3300 BC), early Harappan (3300-2600 BC), and the mature phase (2600-1900 BC) of the Indus Valley Civilisation. It was one of the five largest settlements of the ancient civilisation, with most scholars prior to 2014 reporting it to have been between 80 hectares and 100+ hectares in area, comprising five closely-integrated arc…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Altered cropping pattern and cultural continuation with declined prosperity following abrupt and extreme arid event at ~4,200 yrs BP: Evidence from an Indus archaeological site Khirsara, Gujarat, western India.. Archaeological sites hold important clues to complex climate-human relationships of the past. Human settlements in the peripheral zone of Indus culture (Gujarat, western India) are of considerable importance in the assessment of past monsoon-human-subsistence-culture relationships and their survival thresholds against climatic stress exerted by abrupt changes. During the mature phase of Harappan culture between ~4,600-3,900yrsBP, the ~4,100±100yrsBP time slice is widely recognized a…