zwierzęta: Anthropic principle

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

In cosmology and philosophy of science, the anthropic principle (also known as the observation selection effect) is the proposition that the range of possible observations made about a universe is limited by the fact that observations can only be made if that universe is capable of developing observers in the first place. Proponents of the anthropic principle argue that it explains why the universe has the age and the fundamental physical constants necessary to accommodate intelligent life. If either had been significantly different, no one would have been around to make observations. Anthropic reasoning has been used to address the question as to why certain measured physical constants tak…

Evidence: 54 • authority: 72

Niklas Boström (born 10 March 1973) is a philosopher known for his work on existential risk, the anthropic principle, human enhancement ethics, whole brain emulation, superintelligence risks, and the reversal test. He was the founding director of the later defunct Future of Humanity Institute at the University of Oxford and is currently Principal Researcher at his own Macrostrategy Research Initiative. Bostrom is the author of Anthropic Bias: Observation Selection Effects in Science and Philosophy (2002), Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies (2014) and Deep Utopia: Life and Meaning in a Solved World (2024). Bostrom believes that advances in artificial intelligence (AI) may lead to…

Evidence: 54 • authority: 88

COSMOLOGY, FINE-TUNING, ANTHROPIC PRINCIPLE AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESPONSIBILITY. This paper develops an interdisciplinary analysis at the intersection of contemporary cosmology, philosophy of science, theology, and artificial intelligence. It examines the empirical phenomenon of cosmic fine-tuning and the methodological role of the anthropic principle, clarifying their epistemic limits and interpretative openness. Modern cosmology indicates that the universe’s fundamental constants and initial conditions lie within extremely narrow life-permitting ranges, a fact that remains explanatorily underdetermined by current physical theories. The study argues that neither multiverse hypotheses nor tele…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 72

David Hume (; born David Home; 7 May 1711 – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist and essayist who is known for his highly influential system of empiricism, philosophical scepticism and metaphysical naturalism. Beginning with A Treatise of Human Nature (1739–40), Hume strove to create a naturalistic science of man that examined the psychological basis of human nature. Following John Locke, Hume rejected the existence of innate ideas, holding that all our ideas derive ultimately from impressions, but in his fork he distinguished relations of ideas, known a priori, from matters of fact, whose knowledge rests on experience. This places him in the empiricist tradition…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 92

Towards an integrative theory of consciousness: part 2 (an anthology of various other models).. The study of consciousness has today moved beyond neurobiology and cognitive models. In the past few years, there has been a surge of research into various newer areas. The present article looks at the non-neurobiological and non-cognitive theories regarding this complex phenomenon, especially ones that self-psychology, self-theory, artificial intelligence, quantum physics, visual cognitive science and philosophy have to offer. Self-psychology has proposed the need to understand the self and its development, and the ramifications of the self for morality and empathy, which will help us understand…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 92

The cosmological model of eternal inflation and the transition from chance to biological evolution in the history of life.. Background Recent developments in cosmology radically change the conception of the universe as well as the very notions of "probable" and "possible". The model of eternal inflation implies that all macroscopic histories permitted by laws of physics are repeated an infinite number of times in the infinite multiverse. In contrast to the traditional cosmological models of a single, finite universe, this worldview provides for the origin of an infinite number of complex systems by chance, even as the probability of complexity emerging in any given region of the multiverse…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 80

The Anthropic Principle and Its Epistemological Status in Modern Physical Cosmology

Evidence: 33 • authority: 80

Indifference principle and anthropic principle in cosmology

Evidence: 33 • authority: 92

The natural science underlying big history.. Nature's many varied complex systems-including galaxies, stars, planets, life, and society-are islands of order within the increasingly disordered Universe. All organized systems are subject to physical, biological, or cultural evolution, which together comprise the grander interdisciplinary subject of cosmic evolution. A wealth of observational data supports the hypothesis that increasingly complex systems evolve unceasingly, uncaringly, and unpredictably from big bang to humankind. These are global history greatly extended, big history with a scientific basis, and natural history broadly portrayed across ∼14 billion years of time. Human beings…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 72

The Fermi paradox is the seeming inconsistency between the lack of evidence of extraterrestrial civilizations and the apparently high likelihood of their existence. In simple terms, the Fermi paradox asks why, given the vast number of stars and potentially habitable planets in our observable universe, there is no clear evidence of extraterrestrial civilizations. The paradox is named after physicist Enrico Fermi who blurted out the question—remembered by Emil Konopinski as "But where is everybody?"—during lunchtime after the conversation had already moved on to other topics. This happened at Los Alamos in 1950 with colleagues Konopinski, Edward Teller, and Herbert York. The paradox first app…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 80

The anthropic principle and multiverse cosmology

Evidence: — • authority: 72

In particle physics and physical cosmology, Planck units are a system of units of measurement defined exclusively in terms of four universal physical constants: c, G, ħ, and kB. Expressing one of these physical constants in terms of Planck units yields a numerical value of 1. They are a system of natural units, defined using fundamental properties of nature (specifically, properties of free space) rather than properties of a chosen prototype object. Originally proposed in 1899 by German physicist Max Planck, they are relevant in research on unified theories such as quantum gravity. The term Planck scale refers to quantities of space, time, energy and other units that are similar in magnitud…