ludzkie-ciekawostki: Race (human categorization)

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Race is a categorization of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into groups generally viewed as distinct within a given society. The term came into common usage during the 16th century in Europe and the Western world, when it was used to refer to various forms of geographic and kinship groups, often creating a hierarchy between them. By the 17th century, the term began to refer to physical (phenotypical) traits, and then later national affiliations or perceived ancestry. Modern science regards race as a social construct, an identity which is assigned based on rules made by society. While partly based on physical similarities within groups, race does not have an inherent phys…

Evidence: 58 • authority: 72

Scientific racism, sometimes termed biological racism, is the pseudoscientific belief that the human species is divided into biologically distinct taxa called "races", and that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racial discrimination, racial inferiority, or racial superiority. Modern scientific consensus rejects this view as being irreconcilable with genetic research. Scientific racism misapplies, misconstrues, or distorts physical anthropology, craniometry, evolutionary biology, and other disciplines or pseudo-disciplines through proposing typologies to classify human populations into physically discrete human races, some of which are asserted to be superior or inferior to oth…

Evidence: 50 • authority: 88

Is it racism? The belief in cultural superiority across Europe. ABSTRACT Are Europeans racist if they maintain that some cultures are superior? Theorists of cultural racism argue so and suggest that modern racism in Europe is expressed as a belief in cultural superiority. But this claim has been based on theoretical arguments, not on empirical tests. The current research investigated how widespread a belief in cultural superiority was in European countries and tested how such a belief related to biological racism. Analyses of data from the European Social Survey (21 countries, total N > 33,000) showed large differences across countries in tendencies to endorse the belief in cultural superio…

Evidence: 50 • authority: 72

The concept of race as a categorization of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) has an extensive history in Europe and the Americas. The contemporary word race itself is modern; historically it was used in the sense of "nation, ethnic group" during the 16th to 19th centuries. Race acquired its modern meaning in the field of physical anthropology through scientific racism starting in the 19th century. With the rise of modern genetics, the concept of distinct human races in a biological sense has become obsolete. The American Anthropological Association's 1998 "Statement on Race" characterized race as a social construct rather than a biological reality.

Evidence: 42 • authority: 80

9. Race, Racism, and East Europeans: Autobiographical Perspectives from Immigrants to Divided and United Germany

Evidence: 42 • authority: 80

Racism and race relations: the divided society