średniowiecze: Primary source

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

In the study of history as an academic discipline, a primary source (also called an original source) is an artifact, document, diary, manuscript, autobiography, recording, or any other source of information that was created at the time under study. It serves as an original source of information about the topic. Similar definitions can be used in library science and other areas of scholarship, although different fields have somewhat different definitions. In journalism, a primary source can be a person with direct knowledge of a situation, or a document written by such a person. Primary sources are distinguished from secondary sources, which interpret, analyze, or otherwise comment on primar…

Evidence: 48 • authority: 92

Continuity and Discontinuity in Artefact Distributions from Multi-Period Archaeological Sites.. Artefact finds recovered by metal detecting and reported by members of the public are a growing source of archaeological information, with over 1.2 million finds recorded to date by the Portable Antiquities Scheme in England and Wales. Heritage schemes in many other European countries where hobby detecting for archaeology is legal likewise report growing numbers of finds. Using point pattern analysis, this paper presents a worked-out set of computational methods to study diachronic processes within artefact assemblages at field or local ( e.g. parish) levels. We present a simulated 'toy' example…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 72

A tertiary source is an index or textual consolidation of already published primary and secondary sources that does not provide additional interpretations or analysis of the sources. Some tertiary sources can be used as an aid to find key (seminal) sources, key terms, general common knowledge and established mainstream science on a topic. The exact definition of tertiary varies by academic field. Academic research standards generally do not accept tertiary sources such as encyclopedias as citations, although survey articles are frequently cited rather than the original publication.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Comparative literature is an academic field dealing with the study of literature and cultural expression across linguistic, national, geographic, and disciplinary boundaries. While most frequently practised with works of different languages, comparative literature may also be performed on works of the same language if the works originate from different nations or cultures in which that language is spoken. The characteristically intercultural and transnational field of comparative literature concerns itself with the relation between literature, broadly defined, and other spheres of human activity, including history, politics, philosophy, art, and science. Unlike other forms of literary study…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A library is a collection of books, and possibly other materials and media, that is accessible for use by its members and members of allied institutions. Libraries provide physical (hard copies) or digital (soft copies) materials, and may be a physical location, a virtual space, or both. A library's collection normally includes printed materials which can be borrowed, and usually also includes a reference section of publications which may only be utilized inside the premises. Resources such as commercial releases of films, television programmes, other video recordings, radio, music and audio recordings may be available in many formats. These include DVDs, Blu-rays, CDs, cassettes, or other…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

This glossary of computer science is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in computer science, its sub-disciplines, and related fields, including terms relevant to software, data science, and computer programming.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Library and Information Science (LIS) are two academic disciplines that study all aspects of the creation, organization, documentation, management, communication, and use of recorded information. It underlies a variety of professional activities such as information management, librarianship, and archiving and records management, educating professionals for work in those areas, and carrying out research to improve practice. Library science and information science are two original disciplines; however, they are within the same field of study. Library science is applied information science, as well as a subfield of information science. Due to the strong connection, sometimes the two terms are…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Cutting Through the Clutter: Cleaning the Lens on Work-Related Wellbeing Concepts.. Work-related wellbeing research is increasingly constrained by conceptual and terminological clutter. Labels such as worker wellbeing , employee wellness , wellbeing at work , occupational health , quality of working life , and other terms are often treated as synonyms, defined at different levels of abstraction, or operationalised through proxies, limiting cumulative theory and cross-study comparability. This conceptual, semantically-focused, critical paper demonstrates the ways in which legacy terminology, interdisciplinary language gaps, issues with the overarching concept of wellbeing and category errors…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

What Defines an MRI Considered Indicative of Axial Spondyloarthritis in the Sacroiliac Joints: A Systematic Literature Review.. Objective To systematically review the literature to support guidance defining MRI criteria of sacroiliac joint (SIJ) involvement indicative of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) for classification. Methods The primary question for the SLR was 'Which MRI lesion, or combination of lesions, in the SIJ is most sensitive and specific for an MRI considered indicative of axSpA'. Three additional questions addressed an endpoint of clinician diagnosis of axSpA and the extent and location of the lesion(s). The SLR included all studies from January 2017 through October 2025, an…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Real-World Strategies for Biologic Dose Escalation and Reduction in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis: A Systematic Review.. Background Biologic therapies have improved treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. However, real-world dosing often deviates from standard protocols to address suboptimal responses, sustain long-term control, and manage safety or cost. Dose escalation (DE) and dose reduction (DR) strategies are widely used, but data on their frequency, rationale, and outcomes remain fragmented. Objective To systematically review real-world evidence on DE and DR practices for biologic therapies in moderate-to-severe psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, focusin…