transport: List of modern great powers

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

A great power is a nation, state or empire that, through its economic, political and military strength, is able to exert power and influence not only over its own region of the world, but beyond to others. A great power typically possesses military, economic, and diplomatic strength that it can wield to influence the actions of middle or small powers. In a modern context, recognized great powers first arose in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era. The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came about with the signing of the Treaty of Chaumont in 1814. The historical terms "Great Nation", a distinguished aggregate of people inhabiting a particular country or ter…

Evidence: 74 • authority: 72

A middle power is a state that exerts significant influence in international relations at a level exceeding a small power but less than a great power. These countries often possess certain capabilities, such as strong economies, advanced technologies, and diplomatic influence, that allow them to have a voice in global affairs. Middle powers are typically seen as bridge-builders between larger powers, using their diplomatic skills to mediate conflicts and promote cooperation on international issues. Middle powers play a crucial role in the international system by promoting multilateralism, cooperation, and peaceful resolution of conflicts. They are able to leverage their resources and diplom…

Evidence: 68 • authority: 72

A superpower is a sovereign state or supranational union that holds a dominant position characterized by the ability to exert influence and project power on a global scale. Although there are no formal, universally accepted criteria, superpower status is generally achieved by combining hard power (economic means, military prowess, and technology) and soft power (political persuasion, cultural influence, and diplomacy). While a great power can exert its influence globally, superpowers are the ones so impactful that no significant action can be taken by the global community without first considering their positions. In this sense, superpowers are preeminent among the great powers; more narrow…

Evidence: 55 • authority: 72

A communist state, also known as a Marxist–Leninist state, is a socio-economic form of government that combines the state leadership of a communist party, Marxist–Leninist political philosophy, and an official commitment to the construction of a communist society. Modern communism grew out of the socialist movement in 19th-century Europe as a program to replace capitalism with a stateless, classless, and moneyless society, but its application as Marxism–Leninism began later in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin. China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea and Vietnam are the only communist states that exist as of 2026. With the exception of North Korea, these have moved away from collectivism in the e…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 92

Symbiotic Security and Free Speech. The marketplace of ideas exists today within a public square occupied mainly by social media platforms. Sheltered by the state action doctrine, which prohibits speech abridgment only by the government, and the government speech doctrine, which insulates the government’s speech from constitutional constraints, the platforms and the government’s security apparatus have joined together symbiotically to employ new tools of soft censorship, suppressing the free exchange of unwanted information and opinions on a variety of topics. These include vital issues of public health and electoral politics. Shielding the marketplace of ideas from this cartel requires ret…

Evidence: 39 • authority: 92

The Fiscal Fed. The US Federal Reserve System is conventionally understood as a private-market stabilising institution that has no settled role in supporting the fiscal power of the Treasury. Contra that view, this article argues that the US central bank has always had an extensive fiscal role: building, smoothing and rescuing US Treasury debt markets. Employing a long-duration institutional analysis which draws on the empirics of the Fed’s internal deliberations, financial transactions and legal framework, the Fed’s fiscal functions are explored with a particular focus on operations during the World Wars, the Great Depression, the Cold War, the Global Financial Crisis and the COVID-19 Pand…

Evidence: 39 • authority: 72

The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976. In conjunction with the Portuguese Empire, it ushered in the European Age of Discovery. It achieved a global scale, controlling vast portions of the Americas, Africa, various islands in Asia and Oceania, as well as territory in other parts of Europe. It was one of the most powerful empires of the early modern period, becoming known as "the empire on which the sun never sets". At its greatest extent in the late 1700s and early 1800s, the Spanish Empire covered 13.7 million square kilometres (5.3 million square miles), making it one of the larg…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 92

Journal Legal and Administrative Studies, Year XX, No. 2 (25) – 2021. In this issue of Journal of Legal and Administrative Studies (JLAS) are included scientific articles which debate problems from legal sciences field: OPEN STATEHOOD AND CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE; ACTIVITIES OF PRIVATE MILITARY AND SECURITY COMPANIES IN SOME AFRICAN STATES; RATIO DECIDENDI END THE SCIENCE OF LAW; INITIAL TREATIES - PRIMARY SOURCES OF EUROPEAN UNION LAW; LIMITING SENIORS' RIGHT TO VOTE; THE CONCEPT OF CIVIL SERVICE INTEGRITY; THE TRANSPORT OF PERSONS UNDER NATIONAL LAW, IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC etc. The Journal of Legal and Administrative Studies was founded in 2002 and it is dedicated to the…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 92

The political economy and dynamics of bifurcated world governance and the decoupling of value chains: An alternative perspective.. Employing insights from political economics, international relations, and China studies, we identify the key variables that shape the dynamics of the U.S.-China rivalry and investigate their impacts on the bifurcation and value-chain decoupling processes. We show that the ongoing conflict and disengagement processes are more likely to evolve in the long run in significantly different ways to the one envisioned by current Washington decision-makers and echoed by Petricevic and Teece (2019). The latter predicted an escalation of the disengagement processes and ine…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 80

The use of “soft” power by Great Powers: mechanisms of influence to the national states

Evidence: 34 • authority: 80

Patterns of Military Power and Commerce Among the Great Powers