nauka: Historiography of science

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Historiography of science is the history and analysis of the sub-discipline of history known as the history of science, including its disciplinary aspects and practices (methods, theories, schools), and controversies. Its subject is the variety of ways that science's past has been written about. The earliest histories of science were written by scientists largely as celebrations of scientific progress. Scholars in the 19th and early 20th century frequently treated the history and philosophy of science as a single scholarly undertaking but the fields began to diverge under the influence of logical positivism, which demarcated scientific justification as the proper concern of philosophy, leav…

Evidence: 44 • authority: 72

Social science (or the social sciences) is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among members within those societies. The term was formerly used to refer to the field of sociology, the original "science of society", established in the 18th century. It now encompasses a wide array of additional academic disciplines, including anthropology, archaeology, economics, geography, history, linguistics, management, communication studies, psychology, sociology, culturology, and political science. The majority of positivist social scientists use methods resembling those used in the natural sciences as tools for understanding societies, and so define s…

Evidence: 44 • authority: 72

The relationship between science and religion involves discussions that interconnect the study of the natural world, history, philosophy, and theology. Even though the ancient and medieval worlds did not have conceptions resembling the modern understandings of "science" or of "religion", certain elements of modern ideas on the subject recur throughout history. The pair-structured phrases "religion and science" and "science and religion" first emerged in the literature during the 19th century. This coincided with the refining of "science" (from the studies of "natural philosophy") and of "religion" as distinct concepts in the preceding few centuries—partly due to professionalization of the s…

Evidence: 44 • authority: 72

History is the systematic study of the past, focusing primarily on the human past. As an academic discipline, it analyses and interprets evidence to construct narratives about what happened and explain why it happened. Some theorists categorize history as a social science, while others see it as part of the humanities or consider it a hybrid discipline. Similar debates surround the purpose of history—for example, whether its main aim is theoretical, to uncover the truth, or practical, to learn lessons from the past. In a more general sense, the term history refers not to an academic field but to the past itself, times in the past, or to individual texts about the past. Historical research r…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

The history of science covers the development of science from ancient times to the present. It encompasses all three major branches of science: natural, social, and formal. Protoscience, early sciences, and natural philosophies such as alchemy and astrology that existed during the Bronze Age, Iron Age, classical antiquity and the Middle Ages, declined after the emergence of modern sciences during the Scientific Revolution. The earliest roots of scientific thinking and practice can be traced to Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia during the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. These civilizations' contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine influenced later Greek natural philosophy of classical an…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 80

Science, Scientists, and Historians of Science

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Historiographies of science and labor: From past perspectives to future possibilities.. This article offers suggestions for what a labor history of science might look like and what it might accomplish. It does so by first reviewing how historians of science have analyzed the history of both "science as labor" and "science and labor" since the 1930s. It then moves on to discuss recent historiographical developments in both the history of science and labor history that together provide an analytical frame for further research. The article ends by projecting into the future, considering how a labor history of science might help us grapple with connecting our understanding of the past with the…

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Gender, Race, and Class. For social historians and historical sociologists working in the interdisciplinary fields of ethnic studies and women's studies, the challenges posed by poststructuralism are neither purely intellectual matters nor disciplinary quibbles. Rather, a concern with “rescuing political economy” from being washed away by the tide of poststructuralism is impelled by larger political commitments that transcend the academy. Unlike mainstream disciplines, these fields historically have been connected to social movements dedicated to empowering people marginalized by reason of race, class, and/or gender. Poststructuralism has become a thorny issue in these fields: Many social s…

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Bridging the gap: Lingering challenges and current strategies for academic-practitioner collaboration in emergency management.. The practitioner-academic gap in the emergency management and disaster research space has been much discussed. Enrico Quarantelli, a pillar in the field of disaster research, in his paper Converting Disaster Scholarship into Effective Disaster Planning and Managing, remarked about his desire to see more practical implications for his work. The paper, published in 1993, was written during a time when few emergency management degree programs existed (save for, in 1994, the University of North Texas, Thomas Edison State College, and Rochester Institute of Technology)…

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Holographic Transmission for Real-time Education and Medical Care.. Holographic transmission represents a transformative convergence of advanced imaging, augmented reality, and extended reality technologies for real-time education and medical care. We reviewed the current state of holographic transmission, emphasizing its applications in intraoperative guidance, telementoring, teleteaching, and telesupervision. By enabling real-time, life-sized 3-dimensional interaction across distances, holographic systems can democratize access to expertise, especially in underserved or remote areas. We analyzed technical enablers, including high-speed digital cameras, CoaXPress data transmission, graphic…