nauka: Sociology of scientific knowledge

Evidence: 58 • authority: 72

Environmental sociology is the study of interactions between societies and their natural environment. The field emphasizes the social factors that influence environmental resource management and cause environmental issues, the processes by which these environmental problems are socially constructed and define as social issues, and societal responses to these problems. Environmental sociology emerged as a subfield of sociology in the late 1970s in response to the emergence of the environmental movement in the 1960s. It represents a relatively new area of inquiry focusing on an extension of earlier sociology through inclusion of physical context as related to social factors.

Evidence: 58 • authority: 92

"The Way They Speak of Masters and Johnson": The Rise and Disappearance of Sex Therapy, 1960-2000.. A keyword search of "sex therapy" in the New York Times shows a rapid rise for articles covering the discipline in the 1970s, an equally rapid reduction in the 1980s, and further decline in the 1990s and into the 2000s. This surprising inflection, given that sex as a marketable construction did not decline in the late 20th century, opens room to examine sex therapy in the contexts in which it could and could not be successful. Sex therapy as a distinct intervention emerged in the 1960s, based on Masters' and Johnson's obstetric-gynecological research focus on satisfying, conjugal sex, and was…

Evidence: 50 • authority: 80

The Early 1960s: A Guide to the Late 1970s

Evidence: 47 • authority: 80

Scientific Consolidation in the Late 1960s and 1970s

Evidence: 42 • authority: 80

A women’s organization meeting, ca. late 1960s–1970s

Evidence: 29 • authority: 72

Positivism is a philosophical school that holds that all genuine knowledge is either true by definition or positive—the latter meaning a posteriori facts derived by reason and logic from sensory experience. Other ways of knowing, such as intuition, introspection, or religious faith, are rejected or considered meaningless. Although the positivist approach has been a recurrent theme in the history of Western thought, modern positivism was first articulated in the early 19th century by Auguste Comte. His school of sociological positivism holds that society, like the physical world, operates according to scientific laws. After Comte, positivist schools arose in logic, psychology, economics, his…

Evidence: 29 • authority: 72

Sociology as a scholarly discipline emerged, primarily out of Enlightenment thought, as a positivist science of society shortly after the French Revolution. Its genesis owed to various key movements in the philosophy of science and the philosophy of knowledge, arising in reaction to such issues as modernity, capitalism, urbanization, rationalization, secularization, colonization and imperialism. During its nascent stages, within the late 19th century, sociological deliberations took particular interest in the emergence of the modern nation state, including its constituent institutions, units of socialization, and its means of surveillance. As such, an emphasis on the concept of modernity, r…

Evidence: 29 • authority: 72

Sociology is the scientific study of human society that focuses on human social behaviour, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life. The term sociology was coined in the late 18th century to describe the scientific study of society. As a social science, sociology uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about social order and social change. Sociological subject matter ranges from micro-level analyses of individual interaction and agency to macro-level analyses of social systems and social structure. Applied sociological research may be directed toward social policy a…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The sociology of knowledge is the study of the relationship between human thought, the social context within which it arises, and the effects that prevailing ideas, beliefs, and concepts have on societies. It is a major applicative subclass of cognitive sociology, rather than a specialization in its own right, and its practice involves asking broad fundamental questions about the extent and limits of social influences upon individuals' lives, as well as the social-cultural basis of a society's knowledge about the world. The sociology of scientific knowledge is one subclass of the sociology of knowledge, and the sociology of scientific ignorance is its complement. The sociology of knowledge…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The counterculture of the 1960s was an anti-establishment cultural phenomenon and political movement that developed in the Western world from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s. It overlaps with cultural liberalism and with the various social changes of the decade, and its effects reverberate to the present day. The movement gained momentum along with the civil rights movement in the United States, which led to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965; it intensified along with the Vietnam War, which drove some revolutionary sentiment. As the movement progressed, widespread social tensions also developed concerning other issues, and tended to flow along generational line…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Southwestern Arabia through the eyes of Western orientalists during the first half of the twentieth century.. Introduction This paper discusses the works of Western Orientalists on southwestern Arabia in the first half of the twentieth century. It looks into the ways British travellers portrayed the region in the wider colonial and Orientalist contexts. Methods The paper uses postcolonial theories of Edward Said, Homi Bhabha, and Mary Louise Pratt in the analysis of the travel works of Kinahan Cornwallis, Harry St. John Philby, and Wilfred Thesiger. To find the political and cultural representations within these texts, a descriptive-analytical and discourse-based approach was taken. Finding…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Making science of things: Objects and knowledge in, between, and beyond the sciences.. Things and collections of things are among the most ubiquitous forms of scientific evidence, inducing the very concept itself - from the Latin evidentia , obvious to the mind or eye - into the physical realm. Things also tend to stick around; that which was acquired for research purposes is eventually transferred to storage, where it either disintegrates, or ages and accumulates. This obduracy of being renders things subject to almost infinite afterlives. Centuries-old evidence can always spark new research questions, perspectives, and methods, therewith exciting the perpetual evolution, branching, and co…