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elektronika: Xiagang

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4 million workers recorded as xiagang by the end of 1999..

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4 million workers recorded as xiagang by the end of 1999.

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Xiagang (Chinese: 下岗; lit. 'step down from the post') was a form of layoff associated with the restructuring of state-owned enterprises (SOE) in China, particularly during the late 1990s and early 2000s when the country was experiencing intense economic transition from command economy to a market-oriented economy characterized by radical privatization and marketization. Unlike conventional unemployment, xiagang workers remain de jure employed by their former danweis (单位: work units) despite no longer working, generally receiving reduced wages or minimal benefits while seeking new employment. The term was officially adopted by the government of China in the 1990s and initially applied primarily to workers from merged, bankrupted or downsized SOEs; its usage subsequently broadened to also encompass workers awaiting reassignment or experiencing suspended or reduced wages. Large-scale xiagang accompanied the acceleration of SOE restructuring during the premiership of Zhu Rongji, as China sought to curb losses and surplus employment in the state sector and develop a more robust private sector. More than a quarter of China's SOE workforce was laid off within several years, with over 24.4 million workers recorded as xiagang by the end of 1999. Layoffs were unevenly distributed, with older industrial regions, particularly the once-prosperous Northeast and North China, among the areas…

Kategoria: geografia

Rodzina: geografia-panstwa

Jakość źródła: 65/100

Próby weryfikacji: 3

Notatka fact-checku: Fact-check 3.0-content-aware: no sufficient claim-bound corroboration after 3 healthy attempts. Scope=verify the factual claim. Required independent sources=2; stored evidence groups=1. Provider/API errors did not consume attempts. | Fact-check 4.3.2: research wznowiony bez zdejmowania HOLD. Poprzednia metoda: factcheck-300-content-aware. | Fact-check 4.3.2: research wznowiony bez zdejmowania HOLD. Poprzednia metoda: factcheck-weekly-research-432.

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Wikipedia ENPOTWIERDZAniezależne

Evidence: 91 • authority: 72

Xiagang (Chinese: 下岗; lit. 'step down from the post') was a form of layoff associated with the restructuring of state-owned enterprises (SOE) in China, particularly during the late 1990s and early 2000s when the country was experiencing intense economic transition from command economy to a market-oriented economy characterized by radical privatization and marketization. Unlike conventional unemployment, xiagang workers remain de jure employed by their former danweis (单位: work units) despite no longer working, generally receiving reduced wages or minimal benefits while seeking new employment. The term was officially adopted by the government of China in the 1990s and initially applied primar…

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University of California Presspomocniczeniezależne

Evidence: 33 • authority: 80

Xiagang, the Chinese Style of Laying Off Workers

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University of California Presspomocniczeniezależne

Evidence: 33 • authority: 80

Xiagang, the Chinese Style of Laying Off Workers

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Wikipedia ENpomocnicze

Evidence: 33 • authority: 72

The People's Republic of China is the second most-populous country in the world with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, only surpassed by India. China was the world's most populous country until it was surpassed by India in 2023. In 2025, China's population officially stood at 1.404 billion, which was three million less than the previous year, with the lowest recorded birthrate since at least the proclamation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. China's population has a relatively small youth component, partially a result of the strict enforcement of China's one-child policy that was in effect from 1979 until 2015, which limited urban families to one child and rural families to two.…

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Wikipedia ENpomocnicze

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Internal migration in the People's Republic of China refers primarily to migrants in China without local household registration status through the Chinese Hukou system. According to the International Labour Organization, it is one of the most extensive in the world due to the fact that migrants are commonly members of a floating population. In general, rural-urban migrants are mostly excluded from local educational resources, citywide social welfare programs and many jobs due to their lack of Hukou status. Migrant workers are not necessarily rural workers; they are simply people living in urban areas with rural household registration. China's government influences the pattern of urbanizatio…

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